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Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology/ Pathology > Topic 6: Auditory System > Flashcards

Topic 6: Auditory System Flashcards

1
Q

What cranial nerve carries both auditory & vestibular information?

A

CN VIII

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2
Q

How are sound characterized?

A

by frequency (pitch/Hertz)

amplitude (loudness/ decibel)

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3
Q

What are the three bones of middle ear? What do they do?

A

malleus, incus and stapes

transfer sound waves into inner ear & amplify it

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4
Q

tympanic membrane

A

seperate external ear from middle ear

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5
Q

What is frequency of sound characterized with?

A

the number of sound waves/ second

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6
Q

How are the anatomy of hearing & balance similar?

A

the cochlea & vestibular apparatus are closely connected

sensory receptors in both are hair cells

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7
Q

what is the amplitude of sound characterized with?

A

height of waves

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8
Q

What does eustachian tube do?

A

connects the middle ear and pharynx

help maintain equal pressure on both sides of eardrum by allowing outside air to enter the middle ear

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9
Q

What is the funciton of external ear?

A

directing the soundwaves to middle & inner ear

amplify sound waves at the frequencies of human speech

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10
Q

perilymph

How is the perilymph different from the inside of cell? (amount of K+, Na+)

A

space btw bony & membranous labyrinth

low K+, high Na+

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11
Q

what part of inner ear is responsible for sound processing?

A

cochlea

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12
Q

where does the stapes of middle ear push in when sound pressure is high?

A

oval window

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13
Q

What part of inner ear are associated with vestibular system?

A

semicircular canals, saccule, & utricle

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14
Q

what happen when stapes push in the oval window?

A

the pressure fluid (endolymph) increases & the round window bulge outward

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15
Q

how are the receptors in semicircular canal, ultricle & saccule activated?

A

by head movements

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16
Q

endolymph

How does endolymph similar to the inside of cell?

A

the fluid inside the membranous labyrinth

high in potassium & low sodium

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17
Q

Structure of inner ear?

A

bony and membraneous labyrinth

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18
Q

Where are the sounds receptors activated?

A

cochlea

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19
Q

vestibule

A

connect cochlea & semicircular canals

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20
Q

What does cochlea transduces? What does cochlea consists of?

A

sound waves into neural impulses

3 parallel canals: scala vestibuli, scala media & scala tympani

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21
Q

scala tympani

What window (oval or round) does scala tympani meet with?

what does it contain with?

A

one of the canal of cochlea

round window

perilymph

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22
Q

where does the bony labyrinth locate? membranous labyrinth?

A

within the temporal bone

suspended within the bony labyrinth

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23
Q

what receptors does the inner ear have?

A

auditory & vestibular receptors

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24
Q

Where does the organ of Corti locate?

What does it have?

A

on top of basilar membrane

auditory receptors- hair cells

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25
Q

stereocilia

kinocilium

A

group of hair cells

single hair cell

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26
Q

Reissner’s membrane

A

seperate scala vestibuli & scala media

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27
Q

At the apex of cochlea, what happen?

A

the scala media closed off

scala vestibuli & scala tympani connect via helicotrema

28
Q

What does scala media contain?

A

endolymph

29
Q

Where do hair cells actually locate?

When there is a sound wave, what happen to hair cells?

A

btw basilar memmbrane and tectorial membrane

they bend and become depolarization or hyperpolarization

30
Q

where does tectorial membrane locate?

A

hang over the Organ of Corti

31
Q

scala vestibuli

what window (oval or round) does it meet with?

what does it contain?

A

one of the canal of cochlea

oval window

perilymph

32
Q

Basilar membrane

How does it help auditory system generate action potentials?

A

seperate scala media & scala tympani

when there is sound wave, basilar membrane moves, causing hair cells move to generate action potentials

33
Q

How does the basilar membrane structure change from apex to base?

How does this structure affect to its ability to analyze the frequency?

A

It is wider & flexible at apex -> low frequency

It is stiffer & smaller at base -> high frequency

34
Q

how does tonotopic map in auditory system different from in cortex?

A

in cortex, low frequency is analyzed in rostral side

high frequency is analyzed in caudal side

In auditory system, low frequency is at apex (caudal side)

high frequency is at base (rostral side)

35
Q

helicotrema

Why is this structure important?

A

the perilymph flow (connection) btw scala vestibuli & scala tympani

the pathway of pressure waves move from oval window -> round window

36
Q

What are two ways that loudness is encoded in?

Explain each

A

firing rate - more intense stimulus -> more vibration on basilar membrane -> polarizing hair cells more

number of active neurons - more intense stimuli -> larger response of the basilar membrane -> activating more hair cells

37
Q

Where is the base of cochlea?

Where is the apex of cochlea?

A

at the oval window

at the top of cochlea where scala media closes off

38
Q

What is the fluid that inside of membranous labyrinth?

A

endolymph

39
Q

What are the auditory informations that being sent to auditory cortex?

A

timing of sounds

directionality of sound

frequency contents of sound

40
Q

where is the 1st order neurons of auditory pathway?

2nd order neurons ?

A

spiral ganglion

dorsal & ventral cochlear nucleus in rostral medulla

41
Q

In where of the auditory pathway producing topography map of auditory space?

A

inferior colliculus

42
Q

Where is the 1st place that the auditory information start to project bilaterally to the cortex?

A

superior olive

43
Q

Where is the 1st stage of selectivity for combination of frequencies?

A

medial geniculate nucleus

44
Q

what do we have when auditory information reach auditory cortex?

A

conscious sound perception

45
Q

in where of the auditory pathway, directionality of sound is determined?

A

superior olive

46
Q

How is the directionality of sound determined?

A

by difference in time & amplitude to each ear

47
Q

Where is the convergence of all binaural inputs?

A

inferior colliculus

48
Q

What is the space that btw membranous & bony labyrinth?

A

perilymph

49
Q

If we have a lesion on the left side of dorsal cochlear nucleus, what will hapen?

A

you can’t determine the frequency contents of sound on left ear

50
Q

If you have a lesion on one side of superior olive, will you still hear normally?

A

yes, you still hear normally

because the auditory information bilateral projects at superior olive to auditory cortex

51
Q

Damage to what can result in the deafness?

A

middle ear

cochlea

CN VIII

52
Q

what does circuitry in localization of low frequency (<3kHz) sound depend on?

A

depend on time difference reaching btw each ear

53
Q

What side of superior olive (medial/ lateral) is in synaptic connects with ventral cochlear nucleus for localization of low frequency (<3kHz) sounds?

A

medial superior olive

54
Q

Why is medial superior olive significant in localization of low frequency sounds?

A

MSO acts as coincidence detector that will fire action potentials only when sound information in both ears reach MSO

55
Q

what does circuitry in localization of high frequency (>3kHz) sound depend on?

A

difference in loudness of the sound in each ear

56
Q

How does circuitry in localization of low frequency (<3kHz) sound pathway work?

What is the result of this pathway?

A

ventral cochlear nucleus excites lateral superior olive (LSO) -> activate medial nucleus of trapezoid body (MNTB) -> inhibit LSO in other side of different ear

strong stimulus to the ipsilateral ear

57
Q

What part of the ear amplify the soundwaves at frequencies of human speech?

A

external ear

58
Q

binaural inputs

A

the fusion of all auditory informations ( timing of sound, directionality & frequency contents of signal)

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Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology/ Pathology (13 decks)

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