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Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology/ Pathology > Basal Ganglia & Cerebellum > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia & Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

Function of basal ganglia

Function of cerebellum

A

initiation of movements

modulation of on going movements/ motor learning

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2
Q

Why do we say cortex is reciprocally connected with both basal ganglia & cerebellum?

A

because cerebellum & basal ganglia both influence on cortex and vice versa

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3
Q

Via what do basal ganglia & cerebellum influence the motor cortex?

A

thalamus

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4
Q

Via what does the motor cortex influence cerebellum?

A
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5
Q

Tell 5 nuclei of basal ganglia & what part of 5 primary vesicles brains are they belonged to?

A

Caudate, putamen, globus pallidus (externus & internus) : of telencephalon

Subthalamic nucleus: of diencephalon

Substantia nigra: of midbrain

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6
Q

Where are the inputs that each component of globus pallidus receives from?

A

both globus pallidus receive inputs from striatum

only GPi receives input from subthalamic nuclei

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7
Q

Globus pallidus externus (GPe) _______ subthalamic nucleus

Globus pallidus internus (GPi) ______ subthalamic nucleus

A

project

receive projections

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8
Q

What structure does substantia nigra modulate?

A

the output of striatum

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9
Q

Striatum

Why is it called striatum?

Where is the input that it receives from?

A

caudate & putamen

because they are functionally identical

motor cortex

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10
Q

What are two components of substantia nigra?

Degeneration of what component that can cause Parkinson’s disease?

A

Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) -> Parkinson’s disease

Substantia nigra pars reticulate (SNpr)

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11
Q

Which structure is the major output nucleus of basal ganglia?

How does this structure influence motor cortex?

A

globus pallidus internus (GPi) inhibit the thalamus -> no thalamic input to premotor cortex -> inhibition of movement

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12
Q

What does subthalamic nucleus do to GPi, when it is activated?

A

excite GPi when subthalamic activated

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13
Q

Which is the major input nuclei of basal ganglia?

A

striatum (caudate & putamen)

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14
Q

Why does denegeration of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) lead to Parkinson’s disease?

A

because it will lack of dopamine neurotransmitter, which is important for initiating movements

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15
Q

What component of substantia nigra that is reciprocally interconnected with caudate & putamen?

What component of substantia nigra that involves in control of head & eye movement?

A

SNpc

SNpr

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16
Q

What structure modulate the output of striatum?

the output of globus pallidus?

A

substantia nigra

subthalamic nucleus

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17
Q

Describe the steps in initiating movements

A
  1. Cortex activates striatum
  2. Striatum inhibits GPi
  3. GPi stop inhibiting thalamus
  4. thalamus fires & excites premotor cortexs to initiate movements
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18
Q

What does GPi do to thalamus, when it is activated?

A

inhibit

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19
Q

When GPe activated, subthalamic _____ (activated/ inhibited)?

What will happen to the initiation of movements?

A

inhibited

the movement initiation speed up due to the increased activation of cortex

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20
Q

Describe the steps in inhibition of movement

A
  1. cortex excites striatum
  2. striatum inhibits GPe
  3. GPe stops inhibiting subthalamic nucleus
  4. subthalamic nucleus activates GPi
  5. GPi inhibits thalamus
  6. No thalamic inputs to the premotor cortex
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21
Q

Tell all the effects of activated & inhibited GPe to the cortex

A
  • activated GPe inhibits subthalamic nucleus -> GPi receives no input & stop inhibiting thalamus -> increase activation of premotor cortex
  • inhibited GPe stops inhibiting the subthalamic nucleus -> GPi activated & inhibit thalamus -> no initiation of movement
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22
Q

During initiation of movement, striatum ______ GPi?

During inhibition of movenent, striatum ____ GPi?

A

inhibit GPi directly & indirectly

excite GPi indirectly

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23
Q

What are the effects of dopamine on direct & indirect pathway for modulating initiation movements?

A

excites the direct pathway

inhibit the indirect pathway

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24
Q

Explain the effects of Dopamine exciting the direct pathway

A

Striatal neurons with D1 receptors excites neurons that inhibit GPi -> no inhibition inputs from GPi to thalamus -> increase the activation of premotor cortex

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25
Q

Explain the effect of dopamine on the indirect pathway

A

striatal neurons with D2 receptors inhibit neurons that inhibit GPe -> GPe is activated & inhibit subthalamic nucleus -> GPi is dormant -> no inhibition of thalamus -> increase activation of premotor cortex

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26
Q

What is the other name for negative signs - dysfunction of basal ganglia?

What is the other name for positive signs - dysfunction of basal ganglia?

A

hypokinetic

hyperkinetic

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27
Q

What are the symptoms of hypokinetic disorders?

A

Akinesia

Bradykinesia

Masked facies

dystonia

Parkinson’s disease

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28
Q

bradykinesia

akinesia

dystonia

A

slowness of movement

lack of movement

involuntary muscle contractions

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29
Q

masked facies

A

mask-like facial expression, infrequent blinking/ reptilian stare

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30
Q

gait

A

the pattern of limb movement

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31
Q

What are the hyperkinetic disorders?

A

lead-pipe/ plastic rigidity

cog-wheel rigidity

athetosis

dystonia

chorea

Ballismus

Huntington’s disease

Tourette syndrome

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32
Q

hypokinetic disorders

Why does it occur?

A

loss of motor function

the direct pathway is inhibited while indirect pathway is active -> thalamus is more inhibited -> reduced motor activity

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33
Q

lead-pipe/ plasticity

cog-wheel regidity

A

the uniform resistance to limb passive stretches

ratchet-like resistance to limb passive stretches

34
Q

athetosis

A

inability to maintain a fixed or sustained posture

slow, involuntary, convoluted, writhing movements of fingers, hands, toes & feet

35
Q

chorea

A

involuntary arrhythmic movements, forceful, rapid & jerky

36
Q

What does Substantia nigra pars reticulate (SNpr) involve in?

A

control of head & eye movements

37
Q

ballismus

A

violent flinging of the limbs

38
Q

What are the three white matter bundle that serve as information highways connecting the cerebellum to brainstem?

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle

middle cerebral peduncle

superior cerebellar peduncle

39
Q

What does inferior cerebellar peduncles do?

A

connect cerebellum to medulla

carry the ascending fibers tract from spinal cord to anterior lobe of cerebellum & the massive projections of climbing fibers from inferior olive

40
Q

What does middle cerebella peduncles do?

A

carry the input fibers from pons & cortex to cerebellum (primarily posterior lobe/ lateral hemispher)

41
Q

What does superior cerebellar peduncles do?

A

the primary major output tract of cerebellum

42
Q

What are the cerebellar nuclei, which contain cell bodies of output neurons of each of the cerebellar lobes?

A

fastigial nuclei

interposed nuclei

dendate nuclei

43
Q

Location of fastigial nuclei in this figure?

A

purple box

in flocconodular lobe & parts of anterior lobe

44
Q

Where is the interposed nuclei in this figure?

Where do you can find this in cerebellum?

A

red & green box

anterior lobe

45
Q

interposed nuclei consists of _____ & ____?

A

globose nuclei & emboliform nuclei

46
Q

What is the structure in orange box?

where can you find this in cerebellum?

A

dendate

posterior lobe of cerebellum

47
Q

T/F: The interposed nuclei comprises the largest portions of cerebellar nuclei

A

False

It’s dendate nuclei in posterior lobe

48
Q

What are the cerebellar inputs?

A

cortical input

direct sensory input

modulatory input

49
Q

what are the components of cortical inputs to cerebellum?

A

premotor & motor cortex

primary & secondary somatosensory cortex

post parietal visual regions

50
Q

What are the components of direct sensory inputs to cerebellum?

A

spinal cord

vestibular nuclei

51
Q

What are the components of modulatory inputs to cerebellum?

A

inferior olive

locus ceruleus

raphei nuclei

52
Q

What are the two pathways involve in sending direct sensory inputs to cerebellum?

A

dorsal spinocerebellar pathways (lower body)

cuneocerebellar pathways (upper body)

53
Q

Through ______ (inferior/middle/superior cerebellar peduncles) the direct sensory inputs travel to cerebellum

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle

54
Q

Through ______ (inferior/middle/superior cerebellar peduncles) the cortical inputs travel to cerebellum

A

middle cerebellar peduncles

55
Q

Through ______ (inferior/middle/superior cerebellar peduncles) the modulatory inputs travel to cerebellum

A

inferior cebrebellar peduncles

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Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology/ Pathology (13 decks)

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