Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology/ Pathology > Basal Ganglia & Cerebellum > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia & Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

Function of basal ganglia

Function of cerebellum

A

initiation of movements

modulation of on going movements/ motor learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why do we say cortex is reciprocally connected with both basal ganglia & cerebellum?

A

because cerebellum & basal ganglia both influence on cortex and vice versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Via what do basal ganglia & cerebellum influence the motor cortex?

A

thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Via what does the motor cortex influence cerebellum?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tell 5 nuclei of basal ganglia & what part of 5 primary vesicles brains are they belonged to?

A

Caudate, putamen, globus pallidus (externus & internus) : of telencephalon

Subthalamic nucleus: of diencephalon

Substantia nigra: of midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where are the inputs that each component of globus pallidus receives from?

A

both globus pallidus receive inputs from striatum

only GPi receives input from subthalamic nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Globus pallidus externus (GPe) _______ subthalamic nucleus

Globus pallidus internus (GPi) ______ subthalamic nucleus

A

project

receive projections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What structure does substantia nigra modulate?

A

the output of striatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Striatum

Why is it called striatum?

Where is the input that it receives from?

A

caudate & putamen

because they are functionally identical

motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are two components of substantia nigra?

Degeneration of what component that can cause Parkinson’s disease?

A

Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) -> Parkinson’s disease

Substantia nigra pars reticulate (SNpr)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which structure is the major output nucleus of basal ganglia?

How does this structure influence motor cortex?

A

globus pallidus internus (GPi) inhibit the thalamus -> no thalamic input to premotor cortex -> inhibition of movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does subthalamic nucleus do to GPi, when it is activated?

A

excite GPi when subthalamic activated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which is the major input nuclei of basal ganglia?

A

striatum (caudate & putamen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why does denegeration of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) lead to Parkinson’s disease?

A

because it will lack of dopamine neurotransmitter, which is important for initiating movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What component of substantia nigra that is reciprocally interconnected with caudate & putamen?

What component of substantia nigra that involves in control of head & eye movement?

A

SNpc

SNpr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What structure modulate the output of striatum?

the output of globus pallidus?

A

substantia nigra

subthalamic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the steps in initiating movements

A
  1. Cortex activates striatum
  2. Striatum inhibits GPi
  3. GPi stop inhibiting thalamus
  4. thalamus fires & excites premotor cortexs to initiate movements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does GPi do to thalamus, when it is activated?

A

inhibit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When GPe activated, subthalamic _____ (activated/ inhibited)?

What will happen to the initiation of movements?

A

inhibited

the movement initiation speed up due to the increased activation of cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the steps in inhibition of movement

A
  1. cortex excites striatum
  2. striatum inhibits GPe
  3. GPe stops inhibiting subthalamic nucleus
  4. subthalamic nucleus activates GPi
  5. GPi inhibits thalamus
  6. No thalamic inputs to the premotor cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Tell all the effects of activated & inhibited GPe to the cortex

A
  • activated GPe inhibits subthalamic nucleus -> GPi receives no input & stop inhibiting thalamus -> increase activation of premotor cortex
  • inhibited GPe stops inhibiting the subthalamic nucleus -> GPi activated & inhibit thalamus -> no initiation of movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

During initiation of movement, striatum ______ GPi?

During inhibition of movenent, striatum ____ GPi?

A

inhibit GPi directly & indirectly

excite GPi indirectly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the effects of dopamine on direct & indirect pathway for modulating initiation movements?

A

excites the direct pathway

inhibit the indirect pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Explain the effects of Dopamine exciting the direct pathway

A

Striatal neurons with D1 receptors excites neurons that inhibit GPi -> no inhibition inputs from GPi to thalamus -> increase the activation of premotor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Explain the effect of dopamine on the indirect pathway
striatal neurons with D2 receptors inhibit neurons that inhibit GPe -\> GPe is activated & inhibit subthalamic nucleus -\> GPi is dormant -\> no inhibition of thalamus -\> increase activation of premotor cortex
26
What is the other name for negative signs - dysfunction of basal ganglia? What is the other name for positive signs - dysfunction of basal ganglia?
hypokinetic hyperkinetic
27
What are the symptoms of hypokinetic disorders?
Akinesia Bradykinesia Masked facies dystonia Parkinson's disease
28
bradykinesia akinesia dystonia
slowness of movement lack of movement involuntary muscle contractions
29
masked facies
mask-like facial expression, infrequent blinking/ reptilian stare
30
gait
the pattern of limb movement
31
What are the hyperkinetic disorders?
lead-pipe/ plastic rigidity cog-wheel rigidity athetosis dystonia chorea Ballismus Huntington's disease Tourette syndrome
32
hypokinetic disorders Why does it occur?
loss of motor function the direct pathway is inhibited while indirect pathway is active -\> thalamus is more inhibited -\> reduced motor activity
33
lead-pipe/ plasticity cog-wheel regidity
the uniform resistance to limb passive stretches ratchet-like resistance to limb passive stretches
34
athetosis
inability to maintain a fixed or sustained posture slow, involuntary, convoluted, writhing movements of fingers, hands, toes & feet
35
chorea
involuntary arrhythmic movements, forceful, rapid & jerky
36
What does Substantia nigra pars reticulate (SNpr) involve in?
control of head & eye movements
37
ballismus
violent flinging of the limbs
38
What are the three white matter bundle that serve as information highways connecting the cerebellum to brainstem?
inferior cerebellar peduncle middle cerebral peduncle superior cerebellar peduncle
39
What does inferior cerebellar peduncles do?
connect cerebellum to medulla carry the ascending fibers tract from spinal cord to anterior lobe of cerebellum & the massive projections of climbing fibers from inferior olive
40
What does middle cerebella peduncles do?
carry the input fibers from pons & cortex to cerebellum (primarily posterior lobe/ lateral hemispher)
41
What does superior cerebellar peduncles do?
the primary major output tract of cerebellum
42
What are the cerebellar nuclei, which contain cell bodies of output neurons of each of the cerebellar lobes?
fastigial nuclei interposed nuclei dendate nuclei
43
Location of fastigial nuclei in this figure?
purple box in flocconodular lobe & parts of anterior lobe
44
Where is the interposed nuclei in this figure? Where do you can find this in cerebellum?
red & green box anterior lobe
45
interposed nuclei consists of _____ & \_\_\_\_?
globose nuclei & emboliform nuclei
46
What is the structure in orange box? where can you find this in cerebellum?
dendate posterior lobe of cerebellum
47
T/F: The interposed nuclei comprises the largest portions of cerebellar nuclei
False It's dendate nuclei in posterior lobe
48
What are the cerebellar inputs?
cortical input direct sensory input modulatory input
49
what are the components of cortical inputs to cerebellum?
premotor & motor cortex primary & secondary somatosensory cortex post parietal visual regions
50
What are the components of direct sensory inputs to cerebellum?
spinal cord vestibular nuclei
51
What are the components of modulatory inputs to cerebellum?
inferior olive locus ceruleus raphei nuclei
52
What are the two pathways involve in sending direct sensory inputs to cerebellum?
dorsal spinocerebellar pathways (lower body) cuneocerebellar pathways (upper body)
53
Through ______ (inferior/middle/superior cerebellar peduncles) the direct sensory inputs travel to cerebellum
inferior cerebellar peduncle
54
Through ______ (inferior/middle/superior cerebellar peduncles) the cortical inputs travel to cerebellum
middle cerebellar peduncles
55
Through ______ (inferior/middle/superior cerebellar peduncles) the modulatory inputs travel to cerebellum
inferior cebrebellar peduncles
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology/ Pathology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions