Topic 13: Learning & Memory Flashcards
Learning
the acquisition of new information
memory
the retention of learned information
What are the categories of memory?
short-term memory
working memory
long term memory
Characteristic of short term memory
only last milliseconds to minute - temporal decay
can help to remember limited amount of information - chunked capacity limits
What are the characteristics of working memories?
also lasts ms to minute & have limited capacity
working with attention as the process of thinking
What are the subdivisions of long-term memory?
declarative memory (conscious)
implicit memory (unconscious)
What are the sub-categories of declarative memory?
episodic
semantic
declarative memory
memory to recall the information in the past including history, events or bare facts
episodic memory
it’s like an episode of life including time, space, history & importantly emotion of the event
semantic memory
the general knowledge, fact & concepts about the world (Ex: π = 3.14 or 1+1=2 )
Implicit memory
type of memory in which previous experiences aid performing a task without conscience of previous experience
procedural memory
unconscious memory of skills & how to do it
Ex: riding a bike, playing a piano
What type of long-term memory require conscience?
declarative memory
priming effects
unconscious memory of improving performance
What are the factors influence in forming memory?
experience & motivation
amnesia
Types of amnesia
the profound loss of memory or loss of ability to learn due to physical injury to the brain or psychological trauma
Retrograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia is the loss of _______
anterograde amnesia is the loss of _______
recall
consolidation
retrograde amnesia
loss of memory in the early events prior to the trauma but still able to form memory after the trauma
anterograde amnesia
loss of ability to form new memories after the trauma
Anatomy involve in declarative memory
hippocampus
medial temporal lobes
dorsalmedial thalamus
mamilary bodies of hypothalamus
What are the take home points for “H.M” case?
1) The forming declarative memories requires medial temporal lobes
2) The anatomy and mechanism underlying procedural memory & declarative memory are different
Telencephalon anatomies involve in declarative memory
hippocampus
medial temporal lobes
What is the cause of Korsakoff’s syndrome?
Consequence of this?
Alcoholic abuse
dorsomedial thalamus & mammillary bodies lesion -> retrograde or anterograde amnesia
T/F: Recall memories surrounding the trauma is never occured
True
Diencephalon anatomies involve in declarative memory
dorsalmedial thalamus
mamillary bodies of hypothalamus
What concept explain the following experiment: Subjects were shown a series of images of food and furniture. People that are hungry, tend to remember images of food better.
motivation enhances memory
What is the anatomy that following experiment refer to?
The bird expert’s brain has hotspots of brain activity when viewing images of birds, but not of cars (a) and the car expert’s brain lights up for cars, not birds (b).
extrastriate visual cortex
retrieving memories involve in what part of brain?
dorsolateral & anterolateral cortex
Wernickes’ area involve in ________
interpreting meanings of words
Early long term memories involve in what part of the brain?
frontal, parietal & lateral temporal lobe
remember face or objects involve in what part of brain?
inferotemporal lobe
What are the anatomies involve in implicit memory?
basal ganglia
prefrontal cortex
sensory association cortex
cerebellum
amygdala
What does sensory association cortex involve in?
priming effects of implicit memory
What anatomy of brain involve in spatial memory & learning navigation?
hippocampus
T/F: Prefrontal cortex involve only in implicit memory
False
both implicit & declarative
What are two structures that seperate implicit & declarative memory?
amygdala (implicit)
hippocampus (declarative)
Long term potentiation is the long-lasting _______ (increase/decrease) in synapse strength
Long term depression is the long-lasting ______ (increase/decrease) in synapse strength
increase
decrease
What are two phase that involve in long-term potentiation?
transient phase
long-lasting phase
What part of brain that involves in LTP?
hippocampus
Effects of transient phase of LTP
protein kinase that increases the conductance of AMPA channels or adds new AMPA channels
Effects of long-lasting phase on LTP
changes in gene expression which increase the number of synapse formations
Pathway 1 is tetanized while the pathway 2 is not. Explain the figure
The pathway 1 that is tetanized has increase in action potentials -> promoting long term potentiation that pathway 2 (w/o tetanized)
T/F: In LTP, Glutamate only binds to AMPA receptors and not NMDA receptors
False
Glu bind to both AMPA & NMDA receptors
NMDA receptors are blocked by what ion?
Mg++
What is the neurotransmitter that involve in excitation input from CA3 -> CA1 of hippocampus circuit?
Glutamate
Mechanism for increasing Ca2+ influx, which ultimately results in LTP?
Tips: Involve in AMPA & NMDA receptors
1) Glu binds to AMPA receptors -> Na+ influx & post-synaptic membrane depolarizes
2) When there is enough large depolarization, Mg2+ is expelled & NMDA unblocks -> Ca2+ & Na+ influx will further depolarize the membrane
How does increase lvl of Ca2+ intracellular will induce LTP?
by activating protein kinase C (PKC) & Ca++/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII)
-> increase the conductance of AMPA receptors & add more AMPA receptors to post-synaptic membrane
NMDA receptors are unblocked at lower frequency stimulus
False
Its blocked at low frequency stimulus & unblocked at high frequency stimulus
protein phosphatase
How does this protein induce LTD?
the protein that breaks down & causes the internalization of AMPA receptors
the reduction amount of AMPA receptors leads to less binding Glutamate -> small action potentials
If we inhibit or delete the gene expression of CaMKII, what will happen to LTP?
Why?
LTP will be prevented
Because lack of CaMKII will result in decrease amount of AMPA receptors that will be added to post-synaptic membrane
What does protein kinase A do to produce LTP?
This protein refers to ______ (transient/long-lasting phase)
activate the transcription activators CREB to stimulate the gene expressions that produce long-term changes in PKA activity and synapse structure
long-lasting phase
What is the effect of protein Phosphatase Inhibitor on LTP/LTD?
no effect on LTP
but block LTD
How does low frequency stimulus create/enhance LTD?
low frequency stimulus causes low lvl of Ca++ intracellular -> activate protein phosphotase -> reduction of AMPA receptors
