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Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology/ Pathology > Topic 13: Learning & Memory > Flashcards

Topic 13: Learning & Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

the acquisition of new information

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2
Q

memory

A

the retention of learned information

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3
Q

What are the categories of memory?

A

short-term memory

working memory

long term memory

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4
Q

Characteristic of short term memory

A

only last milliseconds to minute - temporal decay

can help to remember limited amount of information - chunked capacity limits

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of working memories?

A

also lasts ms to minute & have limited capacity

working with attention as the process of thinking

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6
Q

What are the subdivisions of long-term memory?

A

declarative memory (conscious)

implicit memory (unconscious)

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7
Q

What are the sub-categories of declarative memory?

A

episodic

semantic

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8
Q

declarative memory

A

memory to recall the information in the past including history, events or bare facts

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9
Q

episodic memory

A

it’s like an episode of life including time, space, history & importantly emotion of the event

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10
Q

semantic memory

A

the general knowledge, fact & concepts about the world (Ex: π = 3.14 or 1+1=2 )

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11
Q

Implicit memory

A

type of memory in which previous experiences aid performing a task without conscience of previous experience

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12
Q

procedural memory

A

unconscious memory of skills & how to do it

Ex: riding a bike, playing a piano

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13
Q

What type of long-term memory require conscience?

A

declarative memory

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14
Q

priming effects

A

unconscious memory of improving performance

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15
Q

What are the factors influence in forming memory?

A

experience & motivation

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16
Q

amnesia

Types of amnesia

A

the profound loss of memory or loss of ability to learn due to physical injury to the brain or psychological trauma

Retrograde amnesia

Anterograde amnesia

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17
Q

retrograde amnesia is the loss of _______

anterograde amnesia is the loss of _______

A

recall

consolidation

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18
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

loss of memory in the early events prior to the trauma but still able to form memory after the trauma

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19
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

loss of ability to form new memories after the trauma

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20
Q

Anatomy involve in declarative memory

A

hippocampus

medial temporal lobes

dorsalmedial thalamus

mamilary bodies of hypothalamus

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21
Q

What are the take home points for “H.M” case?

A

1) The forming declarative memories requires medial temporal lobes
2) The anatomy and mechanism underlying procedural memory & declarative memory are different

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22
Q

Telencephalon anatomies involve in declarative memory

A

hippocampus

medial temporal lobes

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23
Q

What is the cause of Korsakoff’s syndrome?

Consequence of this?

A

Alcoholic abuse

dorsomedial thalamus & mammillary bodies lesion -> retrograde or anterograde amnesia

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24
Q

T/F: Recall memories surrounding the trauma is never occured

A

True

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25
Q

Diencephalon anatomies involve in declarative memory

A

dorsalmedial thalamus

mamillary bodies of hypothalamus

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26
Q

What concept explain the following experiment: Subjects were shown a series of images of food and furniture. People that are hungry, tend to remember images of food better.

A

motivation enhances memory

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27
Q

What is the anatomy that following experiment refer to?

The bird expert’s brain has hotspots of brain activity when viewing images of birds, but not of cars (a) and the car expert’s brain lights up for cars, not birds (b).

A

extrastriate visual cortex

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28
Q

retrieving memories involve in what part of brain?

A

dorsolateral & anterolateral cortex

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29
Q

Wernickes’ area involve in ________

A

interpreting meanings of words

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30
Q

Early long term memories involve in what part of the brain?

A

frontal, parietal & lateral temporal lobe

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31
Q

remember face or objects involve in what part of brain?

A

inferotemporal lobe

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32
Q

What are the anatomies involve in implicit memory?

A

basal ganglia

prefrontal cortex

sensory association cortex

cerebellum

amygdala

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33
Q

What does sensory association cortex involve in?

A

priming effects of implicit memory

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34
Q

What anatomy of brain involve in spatial memory & learning navigation?

A

hippocampus

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35
Q

T/F: Prefrontal cortex involve only in implicit memory

A

False

both implicit & declarative

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36
Q

What are two structures that seperate implicit & declarative memory?

A

amygdala (implicit)

hippocampus (declarative)

37
Q

Long term potentiation is the long-lasting _______ (increase/decrease) in synapse strength

Long term depression is the long-lasting ______ (increase/decrease) in synapse strength

A

increase

decrease

38
Q

What are two phase that involve in long-term potentiation?

A

transient phase

long-lasting phase

39
Q

What part of brain that involves in LTP?

A

hippocampus

40
Q

Effects of transient phase of LTP

A

protein kinase that increases the conductance of AMPA channels or adds new AMPA channels

41
Q

Effects of long-lasting phase on LTP

A

changes in gene expression which increase the number of synapse formations

42
Q

Pathway 1 is tetanized while the pathway 2 is not. Explain the figure

A

The pathway 1 that is tetanized has increase in action potentials -> promoting long term potentiation that pathway 2 (w/o tetanized)

43
Q

T/F: In LTP, Glutamate only binds to AMPA receptors and not NMDA receptors

A

False

Glu bind to both AMPA & NMDA receptors

44
Q

NMDA receptors are blocked by what ion?

A

Mg++

45
Q

What is the neurotransmitter that involve in excitation input from CA3 -> CA1 of hippocampus circuit?

A

Glutamate

46
Q

Mechanism for increasing Ca2+ influx, which ultimately results in LTP?

Tips: Involve in AMPA & NMDA receptors

A

1) Glu binds to AMPA receptors -> Na+ influx & post-synaptic membrane depolarizes
2) When there is enough large depolarization, Mg2+ is expelled & NMDA unblocks -> Ca2+ & Na+ influx will further depolarize the membrane

47
Q

How does increase lvl of Ca2+ intracellular will induce LTP?

A

by activating protein kinase C (PKC) & Ca++/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII)

-> increase the conductance of AMPA receptors & add more AMPA receptors to post-synaptic membrane

48
Q

NMDA receptors are unblocked at lower frequency stimulus

A

False

Its blocked at low frequency stimulus & unblocked at high frequency stimulus

49
Q

protein phosphatase

How does this protein induce LTD?

A

the protein that breaks down & causes the internalization of AMPA receptors

the reduction amount of AMPA receptors leads to less binding Glutamate -> small action potentials

50
Q

If we inhibit or delete the gene expression of CaMKII, what will happen to LTP?

Why?

A

LTP will be prevented

Because lack of CaMKII will result in decrease amount of AMPA receptors that will be added to post-synaptic membrane

51
Q

What does protein kinase A do to produce LTP?

This protein refers to ______ (transient/long-lasting phase)

A

activate the transcription activators CREB to stimulate the gene expressions that produce long-term changes in PKA activity and synapse structure

long-lasting phase

52
Q

What is the effect of protein Phosphatase Inhibitor on LTP/LTD?

A

no effect on LTP

but block LTD

53
Q

How does low frequency stimulus create/enhance LTD?

A

low frequency stimulus causes low lvl of Ca++ intracellular -> activate protein phosphotase -> reduction of AMPA receptors

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Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology/ Pathology (13 decks)

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