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Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology/ Pathology > Topic 1: Brain Development > Flashcards

Topic 1: Brain Development Flashcards

1
Q

Development Stages of Brain (A, B, C,D, E, F)

A

Single cell -> Morula -> Blastula -> Cells develop on one wall of sphere -> formation of 2-layered embryonic disk -> gastrulation

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2
Q

Gastrulation

A

the process in which 3-layered embryonic disks develop

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3
Q

What does the primitive streak do?

A

establishes left to right and rostral-caudal symmetry

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4
Q

What are the three layers from superficial to deep in brain? And the tissues of each part?

A

ectoderm (nervous system and skin)

mesoderm(bone& muscles)

endoderm (viscera)

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5
Q

Morula? In what stage of tissue/ organ development?

A

the solid sphere of cells

the 2nd stage after fertilized eggs develop into a single cell

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6
Q

Blastula. What stage in tissue/ organ development?

A

the hollow sphere of cells

3rd stage after morula

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7
Q

Neuralation

A

the formation of neural tube

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8
Q

where does the formation of neural tube occur? from what?

A

in ectoderm

neural plate

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9
Q

what does notochord do?

A

signals the ectoderm to form the thick and flat neural plate

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10
Q

what does the neural tube do?

A

differentiate into spinal cord and brain, eventually forming CNS

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11
Q

What is the longitudinal development of neural tube?

A

its the development from rostral (head) end of neural tube to caudal end of neural tube into 3 primary brain vesicles

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12
Q

What are the 3 primary vesicles? What is the remaining of neural tube?

A

prosencephalon (forebrain)

mesencephalon (midbrain)

rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

spinal cord

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13
Q

Five secondary vesicles of prosencephalon

A

telencephalon

diencephalon

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14
Q

Cavities of telencephalon? of diencephalon?

A

lateral ventricles

third ventricles

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15
Q

Walls of lateral ventricles?

A

old factory bulb

hippocampus

cerebrum

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16
Q

what part of brain functions as smell?

A

old factory bulb of lateral ventricles

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17
Q

What part of brain does the memory storage?

A

hippocampus of lateral ventricles

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18
Q

What part of brain does the cognition, perception and voluntary activity?

A

cerebrum

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19
Q

Cavities of diencephalon

A

third ventricles

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20
Q

Wall of third ventricles

A

Retina

thalamus

hypothalamus

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21
Q

What part of brain does vision? (tell the origin for cavities, 5-vesicles brain)

A

retina of third ventricles (of diencephalon)

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22
Q

What part of brain does relay? (tell the origin for cavities, 5-vesicles brain)

A

thalamus

third ventricles of diencephalon

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23
Q

What part of brain does autonomic function? (tell the origin for cavities, 5-vesicles brain)

A

hypothalamus

third ventricles of diencephalon

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24
Q

Cavities of mesencephalon? Walls of mesencephalon?

A

cerebral aqueduct

midbrain

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25
Q

Fuction of midbrain?

A

head orienting movements

voluntary movements

neuromodulatory source

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26
Q

Five secondary vesicles of rhombencephalon

A

metencephalon

myelencephalon

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27
Q

Cavities of rhombencephalon

A

4th ventricle

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28
Q

Walls of Metencephalon

A

cerebellum

pon

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29
Q

Walls of myelencephalon?

A

medulla

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30
Q

Function of cerebellum?

A

coordination of movement

motor learning

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31
Q

Function of pon

Function of medulla

A

cerebrum > cerebellum

autonomic function, sensory nuclei, motor pathways

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32
Q

basal (floor) plate

alar (roof) plate

A

the ventral part of neural tube

the dorsal part of neutral tube

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33
Q

what epithelial layer that produces CSF?

A

ependyma

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34
Q

What is the mantle in neural tube?

A

the cell bodies of developing neurons

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35
Q

What is the marginal layer in neural tube?

A

the nerve fibers of developing neurons

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36
Q

Sulcus limitans

A

viscera

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37
Q

Stages in neural development (6 stages)

A

proliferation -> differentiation -> migration -> axon-path finding -> connection -> maturation

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38
Q

proliferation

How does cell proliferate?

A

the increase in number of progenitor (neural stem) cells

mitosis (symmetrical and asymmetrical divisions)

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39
Q

differentiation

A

undifferentiated cells (neuroblasts) become specialized neurons

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40
Q

migration

A

the cells travel horizontally & vertically

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41
Q

axon-path finding

growth cones

A

neuron grows to targets correctly

specialized growing tip of axon

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42
Q

connection in neural development

A

synpase and circuit formation

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43
Q

maturation

A

synapse elimination and cell death

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44
Q

neuroblast

A

undifferentiated neuron

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45
Q

symmetrical division

A

slow

generate two neural stem cells that can become either neuron or glia

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46
Q

asymmetrical divisions

A

fast but limited number of times cells divisions

generate a progenitor and a neuralblast

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47
Q

progenitor

A

neural stem cells

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48
Q

What does growth cones have? What are the guidance cues in axon path-finding?

A

the receptors for guidance cues which can attract or repel axons

fixed signals & diffusible signals

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49
Q

fixed signals (of axon path-fiding). Where you can find them?

A

the adhesive molecules

on cell surface or extracellular matrix

50
Q

what are the matrix molecules?

A

laminin

fibronectin

51
Q

Receptors for matrix molecules?

A

integrin

52
Q

what are the adhesive molecules on the cell surface?

A

CAMs (cell adhesion molecules)

CADherin

53
Q

What type of factors is diffusable signals? What does it do?

A

chemotropic factors

it attract or repel the growing axons

54
Q

chemo-retracttant

chemo-repellant

A

growth cones move toward the source

growth cones move away from the source

55
Q

netrin

where can you find it?

What does it do?

A

a chemotropic factor

in spinal cord

it attracts the dorsal horn neurons that across the midline to form the spinthalamic tract

56
Q

robo

A

the receptor for slit

57
Q

slit

A

the chemorepellant factor that cause the axons move away from the midline

58
Q

Define the structures of color arrows of Picture A:

brown

dark blue

dark red

yellow

greenish blue

A

notochord

neural plate

primitive streak

ectoderm

mesoderm

59
Q

Define the structures of color arrows of Picture B:

red

purple

pink

A

neural groove

neural crest

floor plate

60
Q

Define the structures of color arrows of Picture C:

purple

green

pink

yellow

A

neural crest

somites

floor plate

neural tube

61
Q

Define the structures of color arrows of Picture D:

green

brown

dark yellow

shit color

A

somites

sensory ganglia

neural tube

spinal color

62
Q

What does neural crest contribute to the CNS development?

A

migrate and generate a progenitor number of differentated cell types

63
Q

What does somites contribute to CNS development?

A

determine the migration pathways for neural crest cells and spinal nerve axons

64
Q

what does thalamus do?

A

relay informations between sensory system and cerebral cortex

65
Q

what does hypothalamus connect with? To do what? Arrow Color?

A

pituitary gland

to regulate the bodily functions

purple

66
Q

Structure of midbrain

A

dorsal wall - tectum

ventral wall - tegmentum

cerebral aqueduct

67
Q

What structure is #4? What part of brain is this?

A

tectum

dorsal walls of midbrain

68
Q

Where is superior colliculus? Function?

A

Dorsal wall of midbrain (tectum)

movements initiated by visual input

69
Q

Where is inferior colliculus? Function?

A

Dorsal wall of midbrain

movements initiated by auditory input

70
Q

How does the development of forebrain occur (which sprout off first)?

A

telencephalon and optic vesicles sprout off first while diencephalon remains until later

71
Q

what does optic vesicles develop into?

A

optic nerve and retina

72
Q

What result in the formation of cerebral hemispheres?

A

telencephalic vesicles

73
Q

What structure grow to cover the diencephalon?

A

cerebral hemispheres

74
Q

Tell the structures of the image from #1-4

A

1- diencephalon

2- telencephalon

3- optical vesicles

4- Midbrain

75
Q

Tell the structures of the image from #5-8

A

5-Hindbrain

6- Myelencephalon

7- Metencephalon

8- Spinal cord

76
Q

Tell the structure of picture C according to color arrows:

Blue

yellow

red

purple

brown

green

A

cerebral cortex

lateral ventricles

thalamus

hypothalamus

basal encephalon

third ventricles

77
Q

Tell the structure of picture D according to color arrows:

orange

light orange

light green

A

corpus callosum

cortical white matter

internal capsule

78
Q

What are two types of gray matter in telencephalon? Where do you find them?

A

cerebral cortex

basal encephalon

walls of encephalon

79
Q

what are three major white matter systems develop?

A

cortical white matter

corpus callosum

internal capsule

80
Q

association pathways

What structure does it involve in? Arrow color?

A

the interconnection pathway within a cerebral hemisphere

cortical white matter

light orange arrow

81
Q

What structure and pathways does the forebrain interconnect with other hemisphere? Arrow color?

A

via corpus callosum and commissural pathways

orange arrows

82
Q

What structure and pathways does the forebrain interconnect with spinal cord and brain stem? Arrow Color?

A

internal capsule

projections pathways

light green (picture D)

83
Q

Through what white matter systems does the relay information btw sensory system and cerebral cortex occur? What structure of diencephalon do this job? Arrows Color for each?

A

internal capsule (light green)

thalamus (red)

84
Q

What is the only part of brain doesn’t subdivide?

A

midbrain

85
Q

What structures tegmentum develop into? Number of this picture? What is it function?

A

substantia nigra & red nucleus

voluntary movement

86
Q

What does tectum subdivide into?

A

superior and inferior colliculus

87
Q

Explain the neuromodulatory source of tegmentum? Why is it signifcant?

A

tegmentum contains widespread projections of axons throughout CNS

regulate mood, consciousness, pleasure and pain

88
Q

What part of the brain is this? What is structure of #5?

A

midbrain

cerebral aqueduct

89
Q

What part of the brain is this lower picture?

A

hindbrain

90
Q

What structure is #1? What part of 5 secondary vesicles is #1 in? What does it do?

A

cerebellum

dorsal wall of metencephalon

motor learning and motor coordination

91
Q

What structure is #2? What structures does it have above and bellow (in relation among cerebellum, pons and modulla) ?

A

4th ventricle

cerebellum above

pons and medulla below

92
Q

What structure is #3? What part of 5 secondary vesicles is #3 in? What does it do?

A

Pons

Ventral wall of metencephalon

relay information from cortex to cerebellum

93
Q

What part of the 5 secondary vesicles of brain is the lower picture?

A

myelencephalon

94
Q

vWhat structure is #1?

A

4th ventricle

95
Q

What structure is #2? What part of 5 secondary vesicles is #2 in?

A

medulla

ventral and lateral wall

96
Q

What structure is #3? What part of 5 secondary vesicles is #3 in? What does it do?

A

medulla pyramids

myelencephalon

97
Q

What type of matter (white/ gray) is medulla pyramids? What does it do?

A

white matter

relay motor information from cortex to spinal cord

98
Q

What does the nuclei of medulla do?

What does the circuitry of medulla do?

A

Sensory system of touch, hearing and taste

autonomic system functions (respiration, cardiovascular control)

99
Q

What structure contains cranial nerve nuclei 3-12? Structure #?

A

the floor of tegmentum

6

100
Q

What structures does gray matter of spinal cord develop into?

A

dorsal horn

ventral horn

intermediate zone

101
Q

What structure is #2? What does it do?

A

dorsal horn

receive sensory inputs

102
Q

What structure is #3? What does it have?

A

intermediate zone

interneurons

103
Q

What structure is #4? What does it do?

A

ventral horn

project motor axons to innervate muscles

104
Q

What structure is #1? What structures does it develop into?

A

white matter

dorsal columns

ventral columns,

lateral columns

105
Q

white matter is_______, gray matter is ______ (in spinal cord?

A

peripheral

centrally

106
Q

dorsal column (of white matter)

lateral columns

ventral columns

A

carry somatosensory information toward brain

carry descending motor axons

carry descending motor axons and ascending pain

107
Q

What kind of divisions will most likely predominant in the early neural development? Why?

A

symmetrical divisions

Asymmetrical divisions happens with limited # of times to generate cells -> Not preferable

108
Q

Which layer of cortex is the 1st “born”?

A

VI

109
Q

growth cones

what does it have?

A

the specialized growing tip of axon

the receptors for guidance cues which can attract or repel axons

110
Q

fixed signals

A

the guidance cues that are adhesive molecules which can attract or repel axons

111
Q

diffusible signals

A

chemotropic factors that can pull axons toward or away from the sources

112
Q

apoptosis

necrosis

A

the programmed cell death

the cell death in response to injury

113
Q

trophic factors

What does it do with apoptosis and neurons?

A

the life-sustaining factors with limited availability in target cells

It save neurons by switching off the apoptosis

114
Q

What will happen if there are too many neurotrophin?

What will happen if there are no neurotrophin?

A

neurons will be surplus in high levels

apoptosis (neuron death)

115
Q

Hebb’s rule

A

neurons that fire together, wire together; neurons that fire out of sync, lose their link

116
Q

critical periods

A

the specific times during the development is under influence of environment the most.

117
Q

What will happen if a normal child is deprived of hearing spoken language during critical period?

A

they will never acquire normal language

118
Q

Where do we find neurexin?

A

pre-synapstic membrane

119
Q

Where do we find neurolignin?

A

post-synapstic membrane

120
Q

postsynapstic density

what does it do? Why?

A

a specialized intercellular junction

localizes the neurotransmitter receptors, channels and signaling molecules

to facilitate the postsynapstic response to neurotransmitter

Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology/ Pathology (13 decks)

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