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Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology/ Pathology > Topic 8: Muscle & Spinal cord > Flashcards

Topic 8: Muscle & Spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

What are the movements that motor systems generates?

A

reflexive

rhythmic

voluntary

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2
Q

reflexive movements

A

the involuntary movements generated in response to sensory stimuli

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3
Q

rhythmic movements

A

the repeatedly patterned movement

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4
Q

How is the voluntary movement different from others?

A

it is generated to achieve a goal

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5
Q

voluntary movement is the ultimate result of excitation of motor neurons in ________ & _________?

A

brainstem

spinal cord

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6
Q

T/F: strength of muscle contraction is proportional to the amount of excitation receives in lower motor neurons?

A

True

Larger amount of excitations -> greater force generation

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7
Q

What are parts of cerebral cortex that in upper motor neurons?

Explain each function

A

association cortex - desire to move

premotor cortex - motor programs

motor cortex - commands

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8
Q

What do association cortex influence?

A

cerebellum

basal ganglia

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9
Q

Where does the cerebellum influence?

A

motor cortex

brainstem

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10
Q

What does the basal ganglia influence on?

A

premotor cortex

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11
Q

Where does the brainstem influence on?

A

spinal cord

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12
Q

Where does the motor cortex influence on?

A

spinal cord

brainstem

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13
Q

Where do the vestibular receptors influence on?

A

cerebellum

brainstem

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14
Q

Where does the afferent voluntary movements travel to?

A

spinal cord

cerebellum

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15
Q

What are structures that have influences on brainstem?

A

cerebellum

motor cortex

vestibular receptors

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16
Q

brainstem control the muscle of ______
spinal cord control the muscle of ______

A

face

body

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17
Q

Upper motor neurons consist of ____?

A

motor & premotor cortex

basal ganglia

brainstem

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18
Q

Lower motor neurons consists of _____?

A

brainstem

spinal cord

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19
Q

What are the muscle fiber types?

A

slow oxidative fibers

fast, resistant fatigue (FR) or fast-oxidative glycolytics (FOG)

fast, fatiguable (FF) or fast-glycolytics (FG)

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20
Q

Characteristics of slow oxidative

A

high oxygen content, low ATPase activity & glycolytics

produce smallest force

high resistance

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21
Q

Characteristics of fast-oxidative glycolytics (FOG)

A

high ATPase activity & glycolytics & oxidative

generate medium force

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22
Q

Characteristics of fast-glycolytics

A

produce largest force of all 3 fibers

low resistance to fatigue

high ATPase activity & glycolytics but low oxidative capacities

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23
Q

What are muscle fibers that have slow oxidative?

What are muscle fibers that have fast-glycolytics?

A

postural muscles & soleus

gastrocnemius

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24
Q

What are structures that have influence on spinal cord?

A

motor cortex

brainstem

voluntary movements

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25
Q

motor unit

A

motor neurons & all of its fibers that innervated

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26
Q

What part of cerebral cortex is the motor command?

What part of cerebral cortex is the motor programs?

What part of cerebral cortex control the desire to move?

A

motor cortex

premotor cortex

association cortex

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27
Q

T/F: Most of the time, each muscle only contain one motor units?

A

False

It can contain different number of motor units

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28
Q

T/F: one motor unit can only innervate one type of muscle fibers?

A

True

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29
Q

T/F: Under normal conditions, when a motor unit stimulated then not all of the fibers in motor unit are stimulated?

A

False

In normal conditions, all of fibers innervated by motor units are stimulated

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30
Q

Motor unit recruitment refer to?

A

the # of motor units are activated during contraction

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31
Q

Few motor units, _______ (more/less) fibers activated, _____ (smaller/larger) force

A

less

smaller

32
Q

Henneman’s Size Principle

A

motor units are recruited in order from smallest to largest

SO > FR > FG

33
Q

What does Henneman’s Principle allow us to do?

A

allow a fine control of force at all levels of ouput while minimizing fatigue by using SO & FR first and only recruit FF fibers when higher forces are required

34
Q

What will the higher frequencey of firing rate in motor neurons cause?

A

the larger amount of force

35
Q

When do twitch contractions happen?

Will its force to be smallest or largest?

A

when the firing rate is slower than the contraction & relaxation of muscle fibers btw stimuli

smallest

36
Q

When will the temporal summation contractions happen?

A

when firing rate is faster than the contraction & relaxation of muscle fibers -> increase force with each successive stimulus

37
Q

How does unfused tetanus contraction compare to twitch, temporal summation & fused tetanus contractions in force generation & firing rate?

A

higher rate & force than temporal summation & twitch contractions but lower than in fused tetanus contraction

38
Q

Proprioceptors

What are those types?

A

the receptors that respond to change in space & balance of the body to environment

Muscle spindles & golgi tendon organs

39
Q

What are characteristics of muscle spindles?

A

innervated by gamma motor neurons

enclosed by connective tissue

run parallel with other fibers

have large-diameter sensory axons

40
Q

What is the other name for muscle spindles?

What is the other name for Golgi tendon organs?

A

intrafusal fibers

extrafusal fibers

41
Q

What type of contraction will cause the maximum force possible?

How does it do that?

A

fused tetanus

highest firing rate

42
Q

What are type of motor neurons innervate Golgi tendons organ?

A

alpha motor neurons

43
Q

What does Golgi Tendons organ respond to?

What does muscle spindles respond to?

A

change in muscle tension

change in muscle length

44
Q

What type of proprioceptors that LMN innervate?

A

Golgi Tendons Organ = extrafusal fibers

45
Q

Explain the figure

A

When either Golgi Tendons or Muscle spindles stimulated, there will be a gap of afferent firing rate

46
Q

Information from proprioceptors is ________ (afferent/ efferent)?

A

afferent information to CNS

47
Q

Describe 12 cranial nerves by its mnemonic

A

Only oil on true tits are fun and

Oldfactory/Optic/Occulomotor/Trochlear/Trigeminal/Abducens/Facial/Auditory/

give virgins all heat

Glossopharyngeal/ vagus/ accessory/ hypoglossal

48
Q

Explain each of cranial nerves is sensory/ motor or both by mnemonic

A

Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brain Matter More

49
Q

What are CNs responsible for eye movements?

Describe explicitly the name of each

A

CN 3,4 & 6

occulomotor, trochlear & abducens

50
Q

CN 12 is _____, responsible for ______

A

hypoglossal

tounge

51
Q

extrafusal fibers

A

Golgi Tendons organ

52
Q

CN 5 is ______, responsible for ______

A

trigeminal

muscles of mastification

53
Q

intrafusal fibers

A

muscle spindles

54
Q

CN 7 is _______, responsible for ______

A

facial nerve

facial expressions

55
Q

What are the cranial nerves that are both motor & sensory?

A

Trigeminal (CN 5)

Facial (CN 7)

Glossopharyngeal (CN 9)

Vagus (CN 10)

56
Q

What are the CNs that respond to sensory?

A

oldfactory nerve (CN 1)

optic nerve (CN 2)

auditory nerve (CN 8)

57
Q

nucleus ambiguous

A

brain stem nuclei that have motor neurons travel with CN 9, 10 & 11

58
Q

CN 11 is _______, responsible for _______

A

accessory nerves

neck muscles

59
Q

T/F : reflexive moments are generated within the cortex & require consciousness

A

False

It’s generated within spinal cord or brainstem

60
Q

What type of proprioceptors that act to carry afferent information in stretch reflex?

Why does stretch reflex have this type?

A

muscle spindle

because it has the great conduction velocity due to large-diameter axons -> mediate rapid reflex adjustments

61
Q

What type of proprioceptors that act to carry efferent information in stretch reflex?

A

Golgi Tendons organs or alpha motor neurons

62
Q

Characteristic of stretch reflex circuit

A

single synapse circuit btw afferent & efferent limbs

63
Q

CN 9 is ________

Is it sensory/ motor or both?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Both

64
Q

Inverse myostatic stretch

A

the stretch that help muscle relax to prevent overdoing force & injury

65
Q

What type of proprioceptors that respond in inverse myostatic stretch?

A

only Golgi Tendons Organ

66
Q

Mechanism of inverse myostatic reflex

A

the primary afferent make synaptic contact with inhibitory interneurons, which inhibit alpha motor neurons of the same muscle -> force reduction

67
Q

During stretch what are two mechanisms that involve?

A

monosynaptic synapse (stretch reflex)

reciprocal inhibition

68
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A

the inhibition of antagonist during stretch to aid the stretch reflex

69
Q

CN 10 is _____, responsible for _______

A

vagus nerve

sensory, motor & autonomic functions of viscera (glands, heart…)

70
Q

What mechanism is important for noiceptive stimuli?

A

flexion & cross extension

71
Q

Mechanism of Flexion & Cross extension

A

flexor muscles are activated while extensor muscles inhibited on the noiceptive stimuli to move the limb away

On the side contralateral to noxious stimuli, cross extension activates extensors & inhibit flexors

72
Q

T/F: Neuron circuit in spinal cord can’t generate rhythmic movements without ascending or descending input

A

False

73
Q

What does this figure represent?

A

represent the synaptic connection of pacemaker cells in generating rhythmic movements by central pattern generator

74
Q

Describe the synaptic connection steps in A,B,C,D

A

A - glutamate binds to receptors allowing slow Na+ influx -> slowly depolarizing

B - Mg++ unblocks the NMDA receptors allowing Na++ & Ca++ rapid influx of depolarization

C - K+ channels open slowly -> K+ reflux

D - Mg++ reblocks NMDA channels -> Ca++ & Na+ stop flowing into the cells

75
Q

Explain the synaptic connections of central pattern generators

A

1) cortex activate excitatory interneurons
2) Excitatory interneurons activate extensors muscles & interneurons that inhibit the antagonist (flexor muscles)

76
Q

Where is the final common pathway to initiate movements?

A

inputs to alpha motor neurons

77
Q

Where do alpha motor neurons receive input from?

A

input from UMN

input from spinal interneurons

sensory input from muscle spindles

Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology/ Pathology (13 decks)

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