Topic 9

Question 1

What is the three-term contingency?

Answer 1

Antecedent (stimulus) : behaviour -> consequence

Question 2

What is stimulus control?

Answer 2

when a behaviour happens in the presence of some stimuli but not others

Question 3

Why does stimulus control occur?

Answer 3

as a result of discrimination training (being reinforced in some conditions but not others leads to learning about when a behaviour should occur in order to be reinforced)

Question 4

What is discrimination training?

Answer 4

being reinforced in some conditions but not others leads to learning about when a behaviour should occur in order to be reinforced

Question 5

What is a controlling stimulus?

Answer 5

a stimulus that changes the probability of an operant behaviour

Question 6

What is a discriminative stimulus (occasion setter)?

Answer 6

a stimulus or event that precedes an operant and sets the occasion for its reinforcement

Question 7

What is an extinction stimulus?

Answer 7

a stimulus or event that precedes an operant and sets the occasion for its non-reinforcement

Question 8

What is establishing operation?

Answer 8

makes a stimulus more effective as a reinforce at a particular time (ex: deprivation)

Question 9

What does establishing operation and discriminative stimulus have in common?

Answer 9

they both make a behaviour more likely to occur in the moment

Question 10

What is abolishing operation?

Answer 10

makes a stimulus less potent as a reinforce at a particular time

Question 11

What do abolishing operation and extinction stimulus have in common?

Answer 11

both make a behaviour less likely to occur in the moment

Question 12

What are antecedents?

Answer 12

include establishing and abolishing operations, as well as control stimuli (They evoke a behaviour, they also alter the current probability of a behaviour)

Question 13

What are consequences?

Answer 13

includes reinforcers and punishers, they strengthen or weaken the future probability of behaviour

Question 14

what is a prompt?

Answer 14

An Antecedent that makes a response more likely to occur (gets the behaviour to occur in the correct situation)

Question 15

What does the discriminative stimuli sometime needs to be accompanied with?

Answer 15

a prompt

Question 16

What is a response prompt?

Answer 16

the behaviour of another person (prompter) evokes the desired response from the learner in the presence of the discriminative stimuli

Question 17

What is a stimulus prompt?

Answer 17

a change to the stimulus, or the addition or removal of a stimulus, evokes the desired response from the learner

Question 18

What is a verbal prompt?

Answer 18

verbal behaviour of another person results in correct behaviour of the trainee

Question 19

What is a gestural prompt?

Answer 19

a physical movement or gesture of another person that leads to the correct behaviour

Question 20

What is the difference between a modeling prompt and a physical prompt?

Answer 20

Modeling: prompter demonstrates the target behaviour for the learner
Physical: prompter physically assists the learner to engage in the correct behaviour

Question 21

What are the two categories of prompts?

Answer 21

response prompts: These prompts directly guide the learner’s response and Stimulus prompts: These prompts manipulate the antecedent stimulus to make it stand out and more likely to evoke the correct response.

Question 22

What is a within-stimulus prompt?

Answer 22

an aspect or dimension of the stimulus is changed to aid discrimination (ex: size, colour, shape)

Question 23

What is a extra stimulus prompt?

Answer 23

a separate stimulus is added to aid discrimination

Question 24

What is the “Transfer of stimulus control”?

Answer 24

involves shifting the response from occurring in the presence of the discriminative stimulus + prompt to the Discriminative stimulus alone

Question 25

What are the three ways you can transfer stimulus control?

Answer 25

prompt fading prompt delay stimulus fading

Question 26

What is prompt fading?

Answer 26

response prompt is gradually removed until the prompt is no longer needed for the behaviour to occur in the presence of the discriminative stimuli

Question 27

What is the least intrusive to the most intrusive prompt?

Answer 27

verbal prompt -> gestural prompt-> physical prompt

Question 28

What is Most-to-Least prompting and fading?

Answer 28

prompter provides most intrusive prompt first and gradually fades to less intrusive prompts as possible

Question 29

What is a prompt delay?

Answer 29

gradually delay delivery of the prompt to allow learner the chance to produce the response unprompted

Question 30

What is stimulus fading?

Answer 30

stimulus prompt is gradually removed or lessened until the prompt is no longer needed for the behaviour to occur in the presence of the natural DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULI (gradually using smaller and smaller balls until child can hit a normal-sized baseball)

Question 31

What are the four steps of increasing desirable behaviour?

Answer 31

1. present discriminative stimulus for a desired behaviour 2. add new SD (goal is to reduce the impact of competing behaviours 3. make the consequence of the desirable behaviour more appealing 4.decrease response effort

Question 32

What are the 5 steps for decreasing undesirable behaviour?

Answer 32

1. remove SD for undesired behaviour 2. Extinguish SD for undesired behaviour 3. make the undesired behaviour impossible 4. Arrange abolishing operations for undesirable behaviour 5. increase response effort and/or delay for undesirable behaviour

Question 33

If you modify multiple elements in the environment is it more successful or not?

Answer 33

the more controlling stimuli that are working in your favour, the higher the chance of success

Question 34

Is it easier to learn incrementally or all at once?

Answer 34

modify environments gradually, it is easier to learn incrementally