Topic 11 Flashcards
What is a token?
an object or symbol that is exchanged for goods or services (no phylogenetic value)
What is an example of tokens in practice?
Wolfe, using chimps
-trained to lift a bar system to receive tokens or food
-poker chips have a reward value to food
-could discriminate between poker chips that have food reward value and those that had no value
In Wolfe’s experiment where grapes and token equally effective?
yes, when work was done for a given time and then rewarded
did tokens elicit more competitive behaviour then food?
yes!
How does tokens function as an antecedent stimulus?
the more tokens earned, the closer you are to exchanging them for the reinforcer. the accumulated tokens function as an antecedent stimulus that generates increased responding
What is a generalized reinforcer?
conditioned reinforcer that is contingent on multiple forms of unconditioned reinforcement
-. They are exchanged for a variety of backup reinforcers, and their value is maintained by the pairings between tokens and these back-up reinforcers.
What makes a good token object?
-tokens must be easy to deliver and accumulate
-must not be available outside the token economy
Is response cost a negative or positive punishment?
negative
If the behaviour does no occur should we take away tokens?
no, the non-occurrence of a behaviour should not be treated as a behaviour and therefore is not a behaviour that can be punished
How should you discontinue the token economy?
gradually fading it so desired behaviours are reliant on natural reinforcers
what is preserving the integrity of tokens?
-avoiding counterfeit or theft
Should token reinforcement be used to increase multiple or a specific behaviour?
specific
