Topic 8: Polymers and Plastics Flashcards

1
Q

What is an isotope?

A

An atoms with the same amount of protons and electrons, however a different number of neutrons.

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2
Q

What is a isomer?

A

An atom with the same molecular formula, different displayed formula. (different saturated formula)

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3
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A molecule that contains hydrogen and carbon only.

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4
Q

What is the homoglegeus seris?

A

A series of hydrocarbons that have similar chemical properties and a trend in physical properties.

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5
Q

What does UNsaturated mean?

A

That the atom contains a double bond.

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6
Q

Propane + oxygen =

A

carbon dioxide + water

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7
Q

C3H8 + 5O2 =

A

3CO2 + 4H2O

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8
Q

What is Cracking?

A

Cracking can be used to produce smaller and more useful molecules from larger alkanes.

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9
Q

What is the general formula for the Alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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10
Q

Fractional distillation of crude oil produces…….

A

more long chain hydrocarbons than can be used directly and fewer short-chain hydrocarbons than are required.

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11
Q

Why do we want to crack larger molecules of fractional distillation?

A

Because we need the smaller are more useful molecules. Larger molecules are more useless; they have higher boiling points etc.

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12
Q

Method for cracking parafin oil to ethene?

A

1) set up apparatus as shown in diagram (Page 21)
2) gently heat the ceramic catalyst, then heat the decane.
3) collect 2-3 test tubes full of gas (discard the first one)
4) test for the presence of the alkene.

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13
Q

How do you test for the presence of an alkene?

A

Bromine Water Test: addition of Br2 across a double bond. It should go orange/brown to colorless. (Diagram on Page 22).

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14
Q

Isomers of Pentene C5H10?

A

BOOK PAGE 23

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15
Q

Making Alkenes: Dehydration?

A

starting material = alcohol
products = water + alkene
catalyst used Al2O3
(Renewable, ethanol produced by fermentation.)

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16
Q

Making Alkenes: Cracking?

A
starting material = large alkane
products = alkene +smaller alkane
catalyst = aluminium oxide.
Temp = 600-700 degrees.
(non-renewable (alkanes sourced from crude oil)).
17
Q

What are monomers?

A

Individual building blocks of the polymer.

18
Q

Examples of monomers?

A

Example 1) Diagram A (page 27) = monomers all the same.

Example 2) Nylon, diagram B (page 27) = different monomers.

19
Q

What are polymers?

A

Many monomers that are joined together to give a larger chain.

20
Q

Examples of polymers?

A

Example A) alkenes = addition polymers
The double bond can break to form links to other alkene monomers.
Example B) Carboxylic acids + alcohols = condensation polymers. Formation of each link gives out 1 water molecule.

21
Q

Polymerization of addition polymers (Ethene)?

A
Page 28: C2H4 + C2H4 + C2H4 = C6H12
Monomer: ethene
Polymer Poly(ethene)
22
Q

Addition polymer Table: Ethene: Repeating unit: Uses?

A

Ethene: Poly(ethene): Plastic bags

23
Q

Addition polymer Table: Propene: Repeating unit: Uses?

A

Propene: poly(propene): Bottles & packaging

24
Q

Addition polymer Table: Chloethene: Repeating unit: Uses?

A

Chloroethene: poly(chloroethene)/polyvinylchloride/PVC: Windows frames & pipes.

25
Q

Addition polymer Table: Phenylethene: Repeating unit: Uses?

A

Phenylethene: poly(phenylethene)/polystyren: Insulating cups / boxes

26
Q

Addition polymer Table: tertraflurorthene: Repeating unit: Uses?

A

tertraflurorthene: poly(tertraflurorthene)/Teflon: non-stick cooking equipment.

27
Q

Bromination of Methane: Halogenation?

A

Is the replacement of one or more hydrogens in an organic compound by halogen atoms.

  • When methane is reacted with chlorine, the products of the reaction depend on wether there is an excess of methane or of chlorine.
  • If there is an excess of methane it forms chloromethene and hydrogen chloride.
28
Q

Bromination of Methane: Word equation(Excess of methane)?

A

methane +> chlorine = chlormethane + hydrogen chloride.

29
Q

Bromination of Methane: Word equation(Excess of chlorine)?

A

methane +> bromine = bromomethane +hydrogen bromide

30
Q

Bromination of Methane: Excess of chlorine?

A

if there is an excess of chlorine then a mixture of products are formed. Chlorine replaces up to 4 of the hydrogen atoms.

31
Q

Bromination of Methane: Symbol equation (Excess of chlorine)?

A

CH4(g) + Br2(g) = CH3Br(g) + HBr(g)

32
Q

Bromination of Methane: Structural formula (Excess of chlorine)?

A

Page 30.

33
Q

Condensation polymers: Nylon: How is it made?

A

Nylon is made from two different monomers, when they react together a small molecule is eliminated (often water - hence the name condensation polymer). Note that there is a water molecule produced each time a new link is formed. Page 32.

34
Q

Thermoplastics?

A

Strands are not linked and that plastic is more flexible and it can be melted and remolded.

35
Q

Thermoset?

A

Strands are cross-linked, plastic is harder and is difficult to remold.

36
Q

Plastic used for water pipes?

A

Polyviynalchloride.

37
Q

Two changes that occur in the formation of an addition polymer from its monomers?

A
  • many monomers join to make a polymer.

- Double bond is broken to make more single bonds.

38
Q

Reason why addition polymers do not biodegrade easily?

A
  • They have strong forces of attraction between atoms.