Topic 1: Crude Oil And Hydrocarbons Flashcards
What is CH4?
-Methane.
What is Fractional Distillation?
- Different fractions have different chain lengths.
- larger fractions have stronger forces of attraction between molecules.
- Stronger forces of attraction more energy is needed to overcome.
- The fractional column has a temperature gradient.
- So different fractions condense off at different places.
What is C2H6?
-Ethane.
What are the products of fractional distillation?
- Riffinary gasses.
- Gasoline.
- Kerosene.
- Desil.
- Lubricating oil, fuel oil, bitumen.
- Fuel oil.
- Bitumen.
- Rushbrooks girls keenly devour lettuce for breakfast.
What is C3H8?
-Propane.
Define The Alkanes?
-A homologous series of hydrocarbons, who’s formula go CnH2n+2.
What is a Homologous Series?
-A family of compounds that have a similar chemical properties, a trend in physical properties and the same general formula.
What is C4H10?
-Butane.
Order of atoms starting from one carbon?
- Methane.
- Ethane.
- Propane.
- Butane.
- Pentane.
- Hexane.
- Octane.
- Monkeys eat peeled bananas politely.
Define isomers?
-Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different display formula are called isomers. Isomers have different chemical and physical properties to each other.
Define complete combustion?
-When there is enough oxygen for a hydrocarbon to fully com-bust.
What does 2,methlybutane look like?
-Has 4 carbons in the main line and one branch coming off second from the end.
What does 2,2 diemethlyheptane look like?
-5 carbons in main line, 2 branches second from the end.
What does 3 ethyl heptane look like?
-5 carbons in main line, and a branch with 2 carbons coming off 3 atoms across.
Define the Alkenes?
-These are unsaturated and they have a double bond.
What does Alkene C2H4 look like?
-To carbons joint by double bond, remember atoms can have a max of 4 forces of attraction. Ethene.
How is crude oil formed?
-Crude oil is formed over thousands of millions of years. It is mostly dead fish and animals as re-compacted in Sea. People drill crude oil oil rigs. It is then extracted and distilled in a fractional distillation column.
What are The Alkahols?
-These are not hydrocarbons, has a -OH and a different suffix.
Methane?
-CH4
Ethane?
-C2H6
Propane?
-C3H8
2-methylpropane?
-C4H10
Butane?
-C4H10
Octane?
-C8H18
2-methylbutane?
-C5H12
Pentane?
-C5H12
2-methylpentane?
-C6H14
Hexane?
-C6H14
2-methylhexane?
-C7H16
Heptane?
-C7H16
2,2-dimethylpropane?
-C5H12
Nonane?
-C9H20
What is crude oil?
-Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbon. Hydrocarbons are made up of hydrogen and carbon only.
What is fractional distillation?
-Fractional distillation is used because different compound boil at different temperatures on a big scale is used in a fractionating column has a lower temperature at the top and warmer at the bottom of the compounds and exit at different temperatures.
Where do you find crude oil?
-There are not many supplies of crude oil. When scientists are looking for oil they look for clues on the earths surface. It stinks into porous rock. oil rises towards the surface before being stopped by a layer of nonporous rock. oil is normally found under the Dome shaped hill called a cap.
What happens to the boiling points as the number of carbons in the alkane increase?
-The boiling point increases.
The bigger or smaller alkanes have stronger forces holding them together?
-The bigger the alkane the stronger the forces of attraction.
What is the molecular formula?
-Represent atoms in a molecule e.g. CH4.
What is the display formula?
-This is the diagram e.g.
What is the temperature at the top and bottom of the fractioning column?
-At the top 65° at the bottom 360°
The bigger the molecule…
-The larger temperature needed to overcome the forces of attraction.
What should you never use a Bunsen burner when dealing with crude oil?
-This is because crude oil is flammable.
How many branches will Trithylhexane 2,3,4 have?
-You will have three atoms coming out of it.
What is incomplete combustion?
-Hydrocarbon + oxygen = carbon monoxide + carbon + water.
What is the equation for acid rain?
-H2O + SO2 = H2SO3.
What is the general formula of the alkene?
-CNH2N.
The word equation for complete combustion of hydrocarbons?
-Hydrocarbon + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water.
The bigger the molecule…
-The more more viscosity.
What does unsaturated mean?
-This means that the molecule has a double bond.
Why is carbon monoxide poisonous?
-This is because of the fact that it reduces the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen.
What happens in car engines when the temperature is high enough?
-It is high enough to react nitrogen and oxygen from the air forming nitrogen oxides.
What are the main gases responsible for acid rain?
-Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxide.
Results of acid rain?
-Acid rain has the ability to kill wildlife by polluting water supplies and also affects stone and trees and potentially destroy buildings this is because of the low PH Level.
How is acid rain formed?
-Acid rain is mainly caused by industrial pollutants the main gasses responsible are sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxide sulfur dioxide mainly comes from burning coal roasting of minerals releases sulfur oxide. factories such as the such as this include power stations.
What does saturated mean?
-This means that the molecule has normally single bonds.
Larger fractions?
-Larger fractions with a greater viscosity have stronger forces of attraction between molecules. Stronger forces of attraction more energy is needed to.
General formula for the Alcohols?
CnH2n+1OH
Exam Question: How are the fractions obtained?
- Crude oil is heated.
- Vapor passed down column.
- fractions are then collected at different heights.
- Talk about, chain length, more energy needed, higher boiling point.
Test for Alkene?
Bromine Water, Will go from Yellow/Orange to colorless.
Ways of producing Alcohols? Fermentation.
Advantages: Green
Disadvantages: Only 10% comes out, low yield.
Ways of producing Alcohols? Ethane Steam.
Advantages: Quick cheaper.
Disadvantages: Non-Green, requires Crude Oil.
Equation for the combustion of Alcohols?
Alcohol + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + Water.
Properties of Alcohols?
- They are colourless liquids that dissolve in water to form a neutral solution.
- They react with sodium to produce hydrogen and a salt.
- They burn in the air, releasing energy and producing carbon dioxide and water.
Methane will react with bromine in the presence of UV light.
Equation?
Methane + bromine -> bromomethene + hydrogen bromide
Equation for manufacturing ethanol through fermentation?
C66H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Method for manufacturing ethanol through fermentation?
Sugar from plant material is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide by fermentation. The enzymes found in single-celled fungi (yeast) are the natural catalysts that can make this process happen.
Method of manufacturing ethanol through Steam?
Ethanol can be made by reacting ethene (from cracking crude oil fractions) with steam. A catalyst of phosphoric acid is used to ensure a fast reaction.
Equation for manufacturing ethanol through Steam?
ethene + steam → ethanol
C2H4 + H2O → C2H5OH
Temperature needed for manufacturing ethanol through fermentation?
30 oC
Temperature needed for manufacturing ethanol through using steam?
300 oC
Catalyst and pressure needed for manufacturing ethanol through steam?
60-70 atmospheres
Phosphoric acid
