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Microbiology > Topic 7 > Flashcards

Topic 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central dogma of molecular biology

A

DNA (Replication), (Transcription, RNA, (Translation), Proteins

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2
Q

What is DNA

A

Genetic and Hereditary material

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3
Q

What is protein?

A

The functional material of the cell

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4
Q

What does the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology do?

A

Genes code for proteins

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5
Q

What is done in the cytoplasm in bacteria?

A

DNA during transcription becomes single strand mRNA and then a ribosome attaches with polypeptide chain which is translation ???
Sometimes transcription and translation happens at the same time

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6
Q

What are nucleic acids made of?

A

Nucelopsides

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7
Q

What are the three parts of nucleosides?

A
  • Phosphate group
  • Sugar
  • Nitrogenous Base
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8
Q

What are the five different bases on nucleic acids?

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
  • Uracil
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9
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

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10
Q

What bonding is in DNA?

A

Hydrogen Bonding

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11
Q

What bases are in DNA?

A

Thymine, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine

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12
Q

DNA strands are ___ and ____

A

Complimentary and anti-parallel
Anti-parallel: DNA strands are built in opposite directions (1 half of the molecule is flipped)
- They run in different directions

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13
Q

What is part of a DNA structure?

A

Thymine, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine

  • Hydrogen Bonds
  • Phosphate group
  • Deoxyribose sugar
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14
Q

How is RNA different from DNA? (3)

A
  • The sugar molecule is slightly different (it has an extra oxygen)
  • It is single-stranded
  • It contains Uracil (U) in place of Thymine
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15
Q

Can you have double stranded RNA and single stranded DNA?

A

Yes

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16
Q

What bases are in RNA?

A

Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, Uracil

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17
Q

What is a nucleoside made of?

A

Sugar + Base

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18
Q

What is a nucelotide made of?

A

Sugar + Base + Phosphate

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19
Q

DNA can be ___

A

Unzipped

- Hydrogen bonds are weak and can be easily broken

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20
Q

DNA has what type of strands?

A

Complimentary sets of the same information

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21
Q

How do you copy DNA?

A

You have the original DNA molecule, part of it unzips and becomes the region of replication and it forms a new molecule

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22
Q

How does DNA replication occur?

A
  1. Parent molecule: 2 strands held together with complementary hydrogen bonding
  2. Separation of strands: hydrogen bonds are broken
  3. “Daughter” DNA molecules: separated strands are used as a template to produce duplicate DNA molecules, each consisting of one parental strand and one new strand
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23
Q

Slide 16

A

?

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24
Q

How does DNA replication happen in bacteria?

A

DNA will split, be copied, and then copied around the circle in a loop until it is complete

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25
Q

Chromosome is ____?

A

One massive circle

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26
Q

What is conjugation?

A

The temporary union of two bacteria or unicellular organisms for the exchange of genetic material

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27
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Autonomously-replicating genetic elements

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28
Q

What is an example of artificial plasmid?

A

A DNA fragment containing Ori from E.Coli + Circular DNA molecule = Circular DNA molecule with the ability to self-replicate in E.Coli

29
Q

What is the first step and what happens?

A

Transcription: DNA is copied into mRNA

- The DNA molecule is unzipped and one strand is transcribed

30
Q

What enzyme is part of transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

31
Q

What strand is the template strand?

A

Bottom strand

32
Q

What strand is the non-template strand?

A

Top strand

33
Q

What would happen if RNA polymerase read it wrong?

A

We would get a complimentary DNA (message would be different)
*It is important what strand is read

34
Q

What direction is transcription in RNA polymerase?

A

A DNA and RNA strand form and then become one and that is the direction of transcription

35
Q

What is an example of transcription (ex: in real life)

A

If you are copying what is in your notebook

36
Q

What does promotor and terminator mean?

A

Promotor: start
Terminator: Stop
*when coding

37
Q

What is the coding region called?

38
Q

What is step 2?

A

Translation

39
Q

What is done during translation?

A

mRNA is used to build a polypeptide

  • mRNA is used as a template
  • this occurs at the ribosome
40
Q

What step is changing language?

A

Translation

41
Q

How many different A.A that need to be encoded for?

42
Q

What is the start codon?

43
Q

What are the stop codons? (3)

A
  • UAA
  • UAG
  • UGA
44
Q

What is a codon?

A

3 nucleotides

45
Q

What codes for one A.A?

A

A codon on the mRNA

46
Q

How are A.A transferred and strung together?

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

47
Q

What is the anticodon?

A

Complementary to the codon

48
Q

How many nucleotides are an anti-codon?

A

3 nucleotides

49
Q

What does the anti-codon do?

A

Each tRNA has an anti-codon which recognizes the codon of the mRNA

50
Q

Where is the A.A on a transfer RNA?

A

The attachment site

51
Q

What type of bonds are in tRNA

A

Hydrogen Bonds

52
Q

What is protein synthesis?

A

The formation of a peptide bone between 2 A.A

53
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

A linear chain of A.A

54
Q

What is the amino end of a polypeptide called?

A

N-terminus

55
Q

What is the carboxyl end of a polypeptide called?

A

C-terminus

56
Q

How do you distinguish the backbone of a polypeptide?

A

It is highlighted in yellow

57
Q

How do you use the wheel of fortune (the genetic code)?

A
  1. Find AUG

2. Then look at the next 3 nucleotides

58
Q

Can you take genes from one species and insert it into the genome of another?

59
Q

What happens with recombinant DNA?

A
  1. Gene inserted into plasmid

2. Plasmid put into bacterial cell

60
Q

What does the LacZ gene do to a bacteria?

A

It changes colour if you have successfully inserted your target gene

61
Q

What does PCR stand for?

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction

62
Q

What is PCR?

A

A thermocycler (PCR machine) is used to rapidly heat and cool solutions containing DNA

63
Q

What does the solution in the PCR machine contain?

A

target DNA, single-stranded DNA primers, Taq DNA polymerase and nucelotides

64
Q

What is a genome?

A

the complete set of genes in a cell or organism

65
Q

What does PCR allow us to do?

A

Quickly make billions of copies of a single DNA (or RNA) sequence from a mixture of thousands of genes and other sequences

66
Q

What are the three steps of PCR?

A
  1. Denaturation
  2. Annealing
  3. Extension
67
Q

What is PCR in terms of DNA?

A

DNA replication in a tube

68
Q

What does DNA encodes for?

A

The protein’s shape and function

69
Q

What does the sequence of nucelosides determine?

A

The sequence of nucelosides in a gene determines the sequence of the A.A in the protein it encodes

Microbiology (13 decks)

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