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Microbiology > Topic 3 > Flashcards

Topic 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Staphylococcus Epidermidis is a type of

A

Prokaryote

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2
Q

The vast majority of bacteria are

A

Harmless or beneficial to us

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3
Q

What is the name for Anthrax

A

Bacillus Anthracis

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4
Q

Give examples of diseases that are caused by bacteria

A 
Lyme Disease 
TB 
Strep Throat 
Gonorrhea 
Syphilis
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5
Q

What is a capsule?

A

A thick layer of protein. It is more dangerous to use as humans, it is harder to destroy, it makes the cells more slippery

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6
Q

Describe the nucleus region in a bacteria

A

They lack a nucleus but have a nucleoid region

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7
Q

Prokaryotes have small..

A
  • Genomes
  • One big ring in nucleoid region = chromosome
  • Smaller rings = plasmids
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8
Q

How are ribosomes different in bacteria than in Eukaryotes?

A

They are smaller and have a different makeup than the one’s in Eukaryotes

  • different protein and RNA content
  • the genes for these rRNAs are often used for classification
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9
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A single loop of DNA

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10
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Extra small loops of DNA

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11
Q

What are traits coded for by plasmid genes? (Slide 13)

A

ABX resistance, toxin production, ABX synthesis

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12
Q

What is increased virulence?

A

More likely to cause damage, can spread more readily

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13
Q

What is the defining characteristic of bacteria?

A

There is no nucleus

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14
Q

What is the surface area of bacteria?

A

Large so enzymes can attach to it

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15
Q

Can bacteria have internal membranes?

A

Yes

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16
Q

How do Prokaryotes divide?

A

Binary fission = splitting

It takes roughly 20 minutes

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17
Q

How do Eukaryotes divide?

A

Mitosis (there are 4 steps)

It takes roughly a day

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18
Q

Historically, how were Prokaryotes classified?

A
  1. Microscopic observations
    - shape
    - response to stains
  2. Biochemical characteristics (and growth conditions)
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19
Q

Recently, how were Prokaryotes classified?

A

Compare DNA sequences (% similarity)

  • Typically use the genes for rRNA
  • For clinical analysis, we can identify bacteria “quickly” using PCR
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20
Q

What is PCR?

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction. It is a way to amplify DNA without cells

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21
Q

What are the shapes of prokaryotes?

A
  1. Coccus
  2. Bacillus
  3. Vibrio
  4. Spirillum
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22
Q

What are the possible arrangements of prokaryotes?

A

Diplococci, Streptococci

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23
Q

Define diplococci and give an example

A

When prokaryotes go through binary fussion, some spherical cells do not split
Ex: Streptococcus pneumoniae

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24
Q

Define Stretococci and give an example

A

When they divide they do not attach, they form a long chain

Ex: Stretococcus penumoniae

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25
Q

How do Spirillum cells move around?

A

Freely, they do not bunch up

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26
Q

What is the peptidoglycan structure used for?

A

It is used for support in bacterial cell walls (the peptide crosslinks provide strength to the cell wall and enable the bacterium to resist osmotic lysis)

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27
Q

What medication weakens peptidoglycan cell walls?

A

Penicillin

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28
Q

What colour do gram (-) stain?

A

Pink/Red

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29
Q

What colour do gram (+) stain?

A

Purple/Blue

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30
Q

Describe the structure of a gram-negative cell wall?

A

Lipopolysaccharides
Outer Membrane
Peptidoglycan
Plasma Membrane

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31
Q

Describe the periplasm

A

The region between the membranes. It contains enzymes which can breakdown toxins and ABX

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32
Q

Describe lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A

A unique lipid/carbohydrate found on the outer layer of the outer membrane
- An endotoxin (may can an immune or toxic reaction)

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33
Q

What is the other type of bacterial cell wall? Give an example

A

Acid-fast

Ex: mycobacterium tuberculosis

34
Q

What is an acid-fast cell wall?

A

Contain mycolic acid (waxy) and do not take up most stains. The wall is mostly hydrophobic

35
Q

What is conjugation pilus?

A

An exchange of information between cells

36
Q

What is a pilus?

A

A hollow tube that can be used to transfer information

37
Q

What are the steps for ___

A
  1. Donor cell attaches to a recipient cell with pilus (draws cells together)
  2. The cells contact one another
  3. One strand of plasmid DNA is transferred to the recipient
  4. Recipient makes complimentary strand of DNA (now has F factor)
38
Q

What is endospores made of?

A

A little bit of cytoplasm + DNA + a thick coat of peptidoglycan

39
Q

When are endospores produced?

A

In response to changing conditions (drying, change in PH, etc)

40
Q

What is endospores made of?

A

A little bit of cytoplasm + DNA + a thick coat of peptidoglycan

41
Q

When are endospores produced?

A

In response to changing conditions (drying, change in PH, etc)

42
Q

Does anthrax produce endospores?

43
Q

What does Fimbriae allow for?

A

Attachment (useful for pathogens)

44
Q

What are Pili used for?

A

To transfer DNA from one cell to another (genetic exchange)

45
Q

What does motile mean?

A

Capable of movement (Ex: motile bacteria)

46
Q

What does bacterial flagella do?

A

Flagella rotate and propel bacteria through their environment
- A gram (+) cell

47
Q

Why do flagellas need to be stained?

A

They are so small they must be stained to be seen

48
Q

Can bacteria move around?

A

Yes, some can but not all of them

49
Q

We can use the placement of bacteria to identify ____?

A

Slide 43 notes

50
Q

Describe endoflagella

A

They run along parallel and wrap around the cell. When they rotate, it causes the whole cell to rotate. Endoflagella have a motor at the end so when the flagella rotates, the whole cell rotates

51
Q

What is bacteria glycocalyx

A

Polysaccharide layers outside the cell wall (contains sugar and carbohydrates)

52
Q

How is a capsule organized?

A

Neatly organized

53
Q

How is a slime layer organized?

A

Unorganized & loose

54
Q

What can biofilm cause?

A
  1. Peridonititis (infection below the gum line)
  2. Chronic wounds (often on necrotic tissue ex: a diabetic has a wound that doesn’t heal)
  3. Cystic Fibrosis
55
Q

Describe cystic fibrosis

A

A genetic defect in Chloride ion channel. Patients have thick mucus in lung. ABX and WBC can’t access lung infections

56
Q

Can biofilms form on countertops?

A

Yes, they can form on solid surfaces

57
Q

Where can biofilms grow (the summary)

A
  1. On dead/damaged tissue/foreign bodies
  2. Slow growing, but persistent
  3. Hard to kill
58
Q

Is cyanobacteria harmful?

A

No, it is not infectious or harmful. It is photosynthetic

59
Q

What are the 5 major groups of bacteria?

A

Gram (+), Cyanobacteria, Spirochetes, Proteobacteria, Chlamydias

60
Q

Which bacteria is the most important?

A

Cyanobacteria

61
Q

Simply describe Gram (+) Low G+C

A
  • Cocci and rods
  • Endospore formers
    Ex: Streptococcus
62
Q

Simply describe mycoplasms

A
  • Also low G/C
  • No cell wall
  • Appear gram (-) when stained
    Ex: Mycoplasma pneumonia
63
Q

Simply describe Gram (+) Mycoplasms

A
  • Also low G/C
  • No cell wall
  • Appear gram (-) when stained
    Ex: Mycoplasma pneumonia
64
Q

Simply describe Gram (+) High G/C

A
  • Appear gram (-) when stained, but wall shares similarities with gram (+)
    Ex: Mycobacterium Leprae
65
Q

Describe Proteobacteria group

A
  • Largest group
  • Gram-negative
  • Diverse nutritional requirements
  • Divided into 5 classes based mainly on rRNA sequences
  • Know there cell wall structure
  • Generally unable to make spores
  • Feed themselves
  • Majority are not harmful
66
Q

There are lots of these in the environment

A

Pseudomonas

67
Q

How do you get Legionella?

A

From standing in water

68
Q

Describe Escherichia

A

It is important, it digests food, makes Vitamin K but some strains are bad

69
Q

Describe Escherichia coli

A
  • Mostly harmless
  • Important bacteria
  • Found in every humans intestines
  • Can survive in the absence or presence of oxygen
  • Mostly helpful, helps break down food in the colon, helps make vitamins (Ex: K)
  • Have several flagella, so they are constantly moving
70
Q

What can you make from E.coli?

A

Pharmaceuticals (Ex: insulin by tricking the bacteria to make the protein we need)

71
Q

Describe the shape and size of Spirochetes

A

Helical-shaped, large, flexible cells

72
Q

Describe the filaments on Spirochetes

A

Possess axial filaments (endoflagella) enclosed by an outer membrane - cells are propelled by twisting motion

73
Q

What bacteria are spirochetes found?

A

Gram-negative

74
Q

What is an example of spirochetes?

A

Borrelia Bergdorferi

75
Q

What are spirochetes linked to?

A

Lyme disease

76
Q

How is Lyme disease transmitted?

A 
Mechanical vector (house fly) where the bacteria is not completing its life cycle in the fly 
2nd type of vector: bacteria needs to go through the tick to complete its life cycle
77
Q

Describe the shape and size of chlamydiae

A

Small and irregularly shaped

78
Q

What type of parasites are Chlamydiae?

A

Obligatory intracellular parasites (they have lot the ability to make their own ATP - energy currency of cells)

79
Q

What is Chlamydiae closely related to?

A

Spirochetes

80
Q

What is the simplest type of Prokaryotes?

A

Chlamydiae

81
Q

Can Chlamydiae go dormant?

A

Yes, but not for very long

82
Q

Do Chlamydiae have a metablism?

A

Yes, they have a metabolism (but it is crippled), they have given up the machinery needed to make ATP

Microbiology (13 decks)

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