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Microbiology > Topic 16: Introduction to Body System Infections > Flashcards

Topic 16: Introduction to Body System Infections Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define pathogenicity

A

The ability of a microbe to cause disease

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2
Q

Define virulence

A

How harmful a pathogen is to a host

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3
Q

What is the parenteral route?

A

Access through broken skin

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4
Q

What are the portals of entry?

A

Mucous membranes (oral, respiratory, sexual routes)

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5
Q

What is an example of adherence and penetration?

A

N. gonorrhea = attaches to urethra and vagina

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6
Q

Define adhesins/ligands (adherence and penetration)

A

They bind to specific receptors on host cells (eg. suckers, hooks, pili, fimbriae)

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7
Q

Define invasive pathogens (adherence and penetration)

A

Invasive pathogens penetrate and enter host cells often using secreted extracellular enzymes

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8
Q

Give an example of invasive pathogens

A
  • Invasins
  • Apical complex
  • Hemolysins
  • Beta hemolytic stretococci (secrete hemolysins that cause the complete lysis of RBC’s)
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9
Q

Dissolving the extracellular matrix (adherence and penetration)

A

Several other enzymes are secreted which help pathogens enter, dislodge or destroy cells (eg: collagenase)

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10
Q

What is an example of adherence and penetration (coli)

A

E.coli

- has ‘virulence factors’ (adhesins and toxins) that make a pedestal in the intestine

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11
Q

Define median lethal dose (LD50)

A

The amount of toxin or # of pathogens required to cause disease in 50% of individuals

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12
Q

Define median infectious dose (ID50)

A

The # of pathogens required to cause disease in 50% of individuals

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13
Q

What is the LD and ID with more virulent?

A

Low ID, low LD

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14
Q

What is the LD and ID with less virulent?

A

High ID, low LD

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15
Q

Evasion of host defenses simplified

A

Some bacteria produce capsules that inhibit phagocytosis by host immune cells (eg: Streptococcus pneumoniae Gram +)

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16
Q

Define antigenic variation (evasion of host defences)

A

Some pathogens change the structures on their surfaces;. The immune system does not recognize the pathogen during re-infection (eg: influenza virus)

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17
Q

What are 4 ways that damage to host cells can happen?

A
  • Stealing host nutrients
  • Damaging immune response
  • Endotoxins (Cytological Effect)
  • Exotoxins (Cytological Effect)
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18
Q

What is cytopathic effects?

A

Structural damage within the cell (most often due to multiplication of a virus)

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19
Q

How are cells damaged? (exotoxins)

A
  • Secreted proteins (mostly Gr+)
  • May be waste products
  • Some are very potent
20
Q

How are cells damaged? (endotoxins)

A
  • Part of outer membrane (Gr-)
  • Released when the cell dies
  • May lead to septic shock
21
Q

What is the exotoxin Botulism

?

A

Prevents the release of an excitatory neurotransmitter

- 10mg can kill 25 people
ex: Clostridium botulinum
(ex: botox)

22
Q

What is clostridium botulinum?

A

An anaerobic, spore-producing inhabitant of soil

23
Q

What does the tetanus toxin do (exotoxin)?

A

Prevents release of an inhibitory neurotransmittter (ex: clostridium tetani)

24
Q

What happens to the muscles because of tetanus?

A

Both muscles fully contract. The arm flexes because biceps brachil is larger and stronger

25
Q

What is cytolysins (exotoxins)?

A

Cholera toxin - An A-B enterotoxin which indirectly actives chloride pumps in the cell

26
Q

What does A part of cytolysins do?

A
  • Activates “G proteins”
    (modify behaviour of chloride channels)
  • loss of chloride causes loss of fluids –> diarrhea
27
Q

What does B part of cytolysins do?

A
  • attaches to host cell surface

- lets A part in

28
Q

Give 4 examples of A-B toxins

A
  • Enterotoxin
  • Petussis toxin
  • Diphtheria toxin
  • Ricin
29
Q

What are portals of exit?

A

Generally the same as portals of entry (with the exception of feces and urine)

  • Respiratory system
  • GI tract
  • Urogenitcal system
  • Skin
  • Blood
30
Q

What are the 9 predisposing factors to infectious disease?

A
  • Gender
  • Inherited traits
  • Climate and weather
  • Fatigue
  • Diet
  • Age
  • Lifestyle
  • Immunodeficiencies
  • Chemotherapy
31
Q

What is the incubation period?

A

No signs/symptoms

32
Q

What is the prodromal period?

A

Vague, general symptoms

33
Q

What is the illness stage?

A

Most severe signs/symptoms

34
Q

What are the 5 stages of an illness?

A
  1. Incubation period
  2. Prodromal period
  3. Illness
  4. Decline
  5. Convalescence
35
Q

Define disease

A

An abnormal state in which the body (or mind) is not functioning normally

36
Q

Define pathology

A

The diagnostic study of disease

- Fields include anatomy (gross pathology), histology, cytology, immunology, and molecular biology

37
Q

Define a symptom

A

A change in body function that is described by the patient

38
Q

Describe a sign

A

Measured by an observer

39
Q

Describe syndrome

A

A specific set of signs and symptoms that generally accompany a particular disease

40
Q

Define a non-communicable disease? (Give 2 examples)

A

From a source other than another host (eg. soil bacterium) or where an organism of the normal flora is opportunistic
Ex: Botulism, tetanus

41
Q

Describe a communicable disease and give 3 examples

A

It is spread from one host to another by direct or indirect contact
Ex: Chicken pox, herpes, influenza

42
Q

What is direct contact?

A

eg: touching, kissing, sexual contact

43
Q

What is indirect contact?

A

eg: respiratory droplets, feces

44
Q

What is an acute duration/severity of a disease?

A

Rapid, short

45
Q

What is a chronic duration/severity of a disease?

A

Slow, continual, recurrent

46
Q

What is latent?

A

Inactive for a long time

47
Q

What is sub-clinical diseases?

A

Asymptomatic - infection is unnoticed (eg: typhoid mary)

Microbiology (13 decks)

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