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Microbiology > Topic 5 Post Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Topic 5 Post Midterm 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are flatworms also known as?

A

Flukes (Trematodes)

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2
Q

Name the 4 features of flukes

A
  • flat leaf shaped bodies
  • suckers for attachment
  • covered in cuticle for protection
  • no segmentation
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3
Q

Where do flukes live?

A

Inside another organism (ex: inside an animal or human - may live in the intestine or circulatory system)

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4
Q

Name two components of the fluke

A

oral sucker and intestine

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5
Q

What is the other name for an asian liver fluke?

A

Clonorchis sinensis

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6
Q

How many hosts do flukes have?

A

2 intermediate hosts (primary and secondary)

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7
Q

What animals do the lifecycles of flukes contain?

A
  • Snails
  • Fish
  • Humans
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8
Q

What is the lifecycle of flukes? (6)

A
  1. Embryonated eggs passed in feces (diagnostic stage)
  2. Eggs are ingested by the snail
  3. Free-swiming cercariae encyst in the skin or flesh of fresh water fish
  4. Metacercariae in flesh or skin of fresh water fish are ingested by human host (infective stage)
  5. Excyst in duodenum
  6. Adults in biliary duct
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9
Q

What is clonorchiasis?

A

Infection of Clonorchis

  • live in the bile duct
  • may not be a problem
  • if you have quite a few they eat the bile and you can have digestive issues
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10
Q

What are S+S of clonorchiasis?

A
  • Jaundice
  • N/V
  • Diarrhea
  • Abdo pain
  • Liver enlargement
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11
Q

What do liver flukes infect?

A

Ruminants (including goats, moose, sheep, etc)

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12
Q

What does the life cycle of a liver fluke include?

A

A snail and mammal (most of them) or a fish

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13
Q

Describe how the liver fluke is passed

A
  1. The goat eats the larvae with the grass
  2. The larvae grow into adult liver flukes that are found in the liver of the goat
  3. The adult liver fluke lays eggs which pass out in the dung
  4. A larva hatches from the egg
  5. The larva swins, infects a special type of snail and develops through various stages
  6. The final larval stage leaves the snail and swims
  7. The final larval stage attaches to grass or plants
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14
Q

What are human lung fluke missing?

A

Reproductive organs

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15
Q

What does the lifecycle of human lung fluke include?

A
  • Snails
  • Crustaceans
  • Humans
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16
Q

What are the 8 steps of the human lung fluke lifecycle?

A
  1. Hermaphroditic adult fluke releases eggs into human lung
  2. Eggs reach water after being excreted in feces
  3. Miracidium develops in egg and hatches from egg
  4. Free-swimming miracidium enters snail
  5. Inside snail, miracidium develops into redia, which reproduces asexually to reproduce rediae; several cercaria develop within redia
  6. Cercaria leaves snail and enters crayfish
  7. In crayfish, cercaria encysts to produce metacercaria
  8. Infected crayfish is eaten by humans, and metacercaria develops into adult fluke
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17
Q

What is the definitive host in a human lung fluke?

A

Human

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18
Q

What is the intermediate host in the human lung fluke?

A

Crustaceans and snails

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19
Q

What is the other name for Blood fluke?

A

Schistosoma sp

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20
Q

What host is the human in a blood fluke?

A

The definitive host

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21
Q

Where are eggs shed in the blood fluke?

A

In feces and urine

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22
Q

What does the larval stage do in blood fluke?

A

It parasitizes aquatic snails

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23
Q

What blood vessel do blood flukes attach to?

A

Large blood vessels (ex: hepatic blood vessel)

- It sticks itself into that blood vessel and takes oxygen from blood and takes some blood too

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24
Q

What is the intermediate host in blood flukes?

A

Snail

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25
Q

How do blood flukes reproduce inside the snail?

A

Asexually

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26
Q

What happens with blood flukes inside the body?

A

There are male and female hosts that live within the definitive host and attach to the inside of the blood vessel, the male and female attach to each other. They are constantly having sex and making eggs inside the human. They are embroyinated eggs

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27
Q

What is the infective stage in blood flukes?

A

Step 5: While Cercariae is released by snails into the water and are free-swiming

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28
Q

What is the diagnostic stage in blood flukes?

A

Worms in the feces and Urine

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29
Q

What is the lifecycle of blood flukes? (10)

A
  1. ?
  2. Eggs hatch releasing miracidia
  3. Miracidia penetrate snail tissue
  4. Sporocysts in snail (successive generations)
  5. Cercariae released by snail into water and free-swimming
  6. Penetrate skin
  7. Cercariae lose tails during penetration and become schistosomulae
  8. Circulation
  9. Migrate to portal blood in liver and mature into adults
  10. Paired adult worms migrate to:
    - mesenteric venules of bowel/rectum (laying eggs that circulate to the liver and shed in stools)
    - venous plexus of bladder
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30
Q

What is the definitive host in swimmers itch?

A

A duck

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31
Q

What is the accidental host in swimmer’s itch

A

A human (a parasite can’t survive/reproduce in)

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32
Q

What is the 5 stages in the life cycle of the Swimmer’s Itch?

A
  1. Eggs are passed in feces
  2. Eggs hatch and liberate miracidia
  3. The parasite develops in a mollusan intermediate host
  4. ?
  5. Humans are exposed to the dermatitis-producing cercariae
  6. Cercariae penetrates the skin of the birds and migrate to blood vessels to complete the cycle
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33
Q

Swimmer’s Itch symptoms

A

Little or no symptoms, some have a violent allergic reaction

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34
Q

What is the other name for nematodes?

A

Unsedmented Roundworms

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35
Q

Give details about nematodes

A
  • Shed exoskeleton or cuticle during growth
  • Free-living or parasitic
  • Don’t have segments
  • 1mm-1m in length
    Ex: Leeches
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36
Q

What is another term for pinworm?

A

Enterobius vermicularis

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37
Q

What disease is associated with pinworm?

A

Enterobiasis (pinworm infection)

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38
Q

What is another term for large intestinal roundworm?

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

39
Q

What disease is associated with large intestinal roundworm?

A

Ascariasis

40
Q

What is another word for hookworm?

A

Necator americanus

41
Q

What disease is associated with hookworm

A

Hookworm infection

42
Q

Where are Nematodes (Pinworms) found?

A

Adults live in the lower intestine tract

- Migrate to the anus to lay eggs (female) during the night

43
Q

What type of issues do Pinworms cause?

A

Not major issues

44
Q

Where are the eggs of pinworms transferred to?

A

Eggs (containing larva) are transferred to new host

45
Q

What is the lifecycle of the pinworm? (5)

A
  1. Eggs on perianal folds. Larvae inside the eggs mature within 4-6 hours
  2. Embryonated eggs ingested by human
  3. Larvae hatch in small intestine
  4. Adults in lumen of cecum
  5. Gravid migrates to perianal region at night to lay eggs
46
Q

What is the infective stage of pinworms?

A

Step 2 when it is ingested by the human

47
Q

What is the diagnostic stage of pinworms?

A

Step 1 when the eggs are on perianal folds

48
Q

How can you get Trichinella?

A

Ingesting cysts in poorly cooked meat

49
Q

How common is Trichinella?

A

Not as common as it used to be

50
Q

What is the name for pork worm?

A

Trichinella

51
Q

What is the infection caused by pork worm?

A

Trichinosis

52
Q

Where do the adults mate in pork worm?

A

Small intestine

53
Q

Where do the larvae move to in pork worm?

A

To lymph and blood vessels and encyst in muscles

54
Q

Pork worm lifecycle

A

____ slide 34

55
Q

Describe Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Eggs from feces end up in the soil and are ingested with unwashed fruits and vegetables
- Larvae migrate to lungs and then back to intestines

56
Q

What is the lifecycle and i/d stage of Ascaris lumbricoides?

A

___ slide 35

57
Q

Ascaris causes what type of infection?

A

Ascariasis

58
Q

Describe the infection causes by ascariasis

A

May be asymptomatic or may cause diarrhea

  • Severe infections may block intestine
  • Migrating larvae may cause pneumonia
59
Q

How is the tip of a male and female ascaris different?

A

The female end is straight while the males is round

60
Q

How do you get rid of ascaris?

A

Removed surgically

61
Q

Lifecycle Guinea worm?

A

slide 39

62
Q

How can you avoid getting Guinea worm?

A

By using filters to remove copepods in the water

63
Q

Where are Filarial Worms found on earth and on a human?

A
  • Mostly topical places

- Bury under the skin

64
Q

How are larvae transmitted in filarial worm?

A

By mosquitoes

65
Q

What can filarial worm cause?

A

Elephantiasis

66
Q

What is the size of filarial worms?

A

Very small

67
Q

What is the intermediate host of Filarial worms?

A

Mosquitoes, they live out part of their life in a mosquito

68
Q

Life cycle filarial worm

A

slide 41

69
Q

How can you treat elephantiasis

A

Mimics edema

  • If it is treated early, it can be corrected
  • If it is severe, it will need cosmetic surgery and be expensive
70
Q

What worms can be used therapeutically?

A

Trichuris suis (“whipworm”) have been proposed as treatments for Crohn’s disease and autoimmune disorders

71
Q

What is another name for leeches?

A

Hirudinea

72
Q

What is another name for segmented round worms?

A

Annelida

73
Q

What are used for segmented round worms and leeches in the world?

A

Medicine:

  • Release anti-coagulants and local anesthetic
  • Can be used to encourage blood flow into reattached appendages and tissue grafts
74
Q

Name a type of anthropod

A

Insects

75
Q

What are the 3 species that infect humans?

A
  1. Pediculus capitis - head lice
  2. Pediculus humanus - body lice
    - Phthirus pubis - pubic lice “crabs”
76
Q

How do you get rid of body lice?

A

Easy to get rid of them, you wash your clothing

77
Q

How can you kill lice?

A

Get rid of the eggs and the adults with a fine-toothed comb

- Use vinegar

78
Q

Where do body lice live on?

A

Clothing

79
Q

What do lice feed on?

A

Blood

80
Q

Where do bot fly (insects) live?

A

Females lay eggs on body - usually in open wounds

- Can live under the eye or in a wound

81
Q

What do larvae feed on (in terms of bot fly)

A

Tissues and secretions

*not a very common thing to have B.F

82
Q

What do bedbugs feed on?

A

Blood

83
Q

Give 3 facts about bedbugs

A
  • May remain dormant for many months
  • The bites itch and can cause allergic reactions
  • Do not appear to be common disease vectors or pathogens
84
Q

Where are mites found?

A

Burrowing in human skin

85
Q

What is the scientific term for scarbies mites?

A

Sarcoptes scabiei

86
Q

Give 3 facts about mites (Arachnids)

A
  • Tunnel through skin
  • Similar to mites which cause mange in pets
  • Cause irritation, feces may cause allergic reaction
87
Q

What are chiggers (mites)

A
  • Larval mites burrow into skin and die
88
Q

What do chiggers affect?

A

Large mammal (ex: deer)

89
Q

What do chiggers cause?

A

Inflammation and allergic reaction

90
Q

What type of animal are dust mites

A

Anthropods - Arachnides (Mites)

91
Q

Describe dust mites (3)

A
  • Are not parasitic
  • Feed on dust (mostly dead skin) and bedding around the house
    Feces and moults (shed exoskeleton) become airborne and may cause allergic reactions
92
Q

What type of insect can you use in therapy?

A

Maggots can be used to heal diabetes wounds to clear dead tissue from chronic wounds in diabetics

93
Q

What are maggots?

A

Larva of flies

Microbiology (13 decks)

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