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Microbiology > Topic 15 - Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Topic 15 - Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is innate immunity (spec/speed?)

A

Non-specific & fast

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2
Q

What is adapative immunity (spec/brain?)

A

Specific & has memory

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3
Q

What are the two ways innate immunity works?

A
  1. Physical barriers

2. Chemical/cellular responses

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4
Q

What is the way that adaptive immunity works?

A

Lymphocytes & antibodies

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5
Q

What are the physical barriers?

A
  • Skin
  • Mucous membranes
  • Normal microbial flora
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6
Q

What are the chemical/cellular responses?

A
  • Phagocytic WBC
  • Antimicrobial substances
  • Inflammation
  • Fever
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7
Q

What are the ways lymphocytes & antibodies work?

A
  • Specialized lymphocytes (B cells and T cells)

- Antibodies

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8
Q

What is specificity?

A

Recognizes a particular molecule (antigen)

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9
Q

What is inducibility?

A

Cells get activated only in response to specific pathogens

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10
Q

What is clonality?

A

Active cells duplicate themselves (clones)

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11
Q

What is no response to self?

A

The immune system doesn’t attack its own body (hopefully)

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12
Q

What is memory?

A

Remembers and reacts faster during a second exposure to pathogen

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13
Q

What 5 things make up adaptive immunity?

A
  1. The lymphatic system
  2. Antigens
  3. Antibodies
  4. Lymphocytes (B cells and T cells)
  5. Chemical signals and mediators
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14
Q

What is lymph?

A

Plasma and solutes from blood

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15
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Receive lymph and interact with immune cells?

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16
Q

What is the lymph system?

A

One-way vessels carry lymph from tissues back to blood

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17
Q

What are antigens?

A

Specific 3D molecules recognized by antibodies

- Usually proteins, lipids & glycolipids

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18
Q

What is an example of an antigen?

A
  1. Surface structures found on bacteria or viruses

2. Soluble proteins or toxins

19
Q

What are antibodies used by?

A
  • Used by the immune system to recognize foreign particles

- Have variable and constant regions

20
Q

What are antibodies also known as?

A

Immunoglobulins

21
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Special molecules that bind antigens

22
Q

How many chains do antibodies have?

A

4 (2 “light” and 2 “heavy”)

23
Q

What is the variable region on the antibody?

A

The portion that recognizes a very specific antigen

24
Q

What is the constant region on the antibody?

A

It is recognized by immune cells

25
Q

Define antigen

A

A molecule (usually a foreign protein) that is bound by antibodies

26
Q

Define epitope

A

The specific region of an antigen that is bound by a specific antibody (there may be several per antigen)

27
Q

Describe the antibody (epitope)

A

A molecule that specifically recognizes and binds a particular epitope on an antigen

28
Q

What are the 5 functions of antibodies?

A
  • Activate complement system
  • Neutralize toxins
  • Opsonization
  • Agglutionation
  • Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
29
Q

What is the complement system?

A

Set of roughly 30 proteins that can trigger inflammation/fever, opsonization, pathogen, lysis, etc

30
Q

Define opsonization

A

Stimulate phagocytosis by neutrophils & macrophages

31
Q

Define aggultionation

A

Antibodies bind multiple antigens (clump together) increases chances of phagocytosis & reduces solubility

32
Q

What is antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)?

A

Non phagocytotic killing mediated by natural killer (NK) cells, neutrophils, eosinophils

33
Q

Name 5 different antibodies

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD

34
Q

What do IgD antibodies do?

A

May activate B cells, mast cells, and basophils

35
Q

What do IgE antibodies do?

A

Triggers release of anti-parasitic molecules from eosinophils, and histamines from basophils

36
Q

What do IgM antibodies do?

A

Complement activation, neutralization, agglutination

37
Q

What do IgA antibodies do?

A

Dimer is secreted by mucous membranes, also found in milk

38
Q

What do IgG antibodies do?

A

Complement activation, opsonization, agglutination

- Can cross placenta to protect fetus

39
Q

What is ELISA?

A

A test used to detect the presence of an antigen or antibody in a sample (can be used as a pregnancy test)

40
Q

What is basophil involved in?

A

Inflammation

41
Q

What is the dendiritic cell involved in?

A

Phagocytosis

42
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Specific types of leukocytes (WBC)

43
Q

What are macrophage, neutrophil, and eosinophil part of?

A

Phagocytosis and non-phagocytic killing

Microbiology (13 decks)

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