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Microbiology > Topic 2 > Flashcards

Topic 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What size are bacteria?

A

Small, they are the most important

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2
Q

What size are viruses?

A

They are even smaller than bacteria

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3
Q

What is an example of multicellular parasites?

A

Tapeworms

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4
Q

What can fungi cause?

A

Some skin infections

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5
Q

What are protists

A

Single cells eukaryotic organisms

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6
Q

What are prions

A

Proteins, not living things, will bing to some proteins (in a human) and stop them from working

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7
Q

Which organism has a “true” nucleus?

A

A eukaryotic (animal) cell

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8
Q

Are viruses alive?

A

They reproduce (can’t do it alone), don’t have metabolism, don’t take in food, don’t have waste, don’t take up energy, have genetic material so they are not ‘technically’ alive

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9
Q

What is included in Prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria and archaea

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10
Q

What is included in Eukaryotic cells

A

Protists
Algae
Fungi
Animals

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11
Q

What is included in acellular

A

Viruses

Prions

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12
Q

What does acellular mean

A

Without cells

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13
Q

Give an example of a protist

A

Seaweed

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14
Q

Eukaryotic are what type of cells

A

Single cells, what humans are made of

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15
Q

Describe the chemistry of Archaea

A

The chemistry and metabolism is similar to eukaryotic cells, do not cause infection

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16
Q

What are the top 3 groups in Eukarya

A

Plants, animals (humans), and fungi

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17
Q

What is the chromosome

A

How DNA is stored

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18
Q

What is the capsule layer?

A

It is resistant the immune system (more dangerous to humans)

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19
Q

What is the plasmid

A

It is useful because we can take DNA and put it in a plasmid and trick it to multiple.
It carries a gene that makes bacteria resistant to antibiotics which is not done by eukaryotes

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20
Q

State the features of a Prokaryote cell

A 
Chromosomes: circular 
- no nucleus 
- no histones 
Plus additional small circles of DNA called plasmids 
Organelles: No 
Cell wall: Peptidoglycan (most) 
Cell Division: Binary Fission
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21
Q

What are histones

A

Positively charged proteins in eukaryote (used for compacted DNA)

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22
Q

State the features of a Eukaryote cell?

A

Chromosomes: Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane
(Histones - proteins used to package DNA into chromosomes)
Organelles: Yes
Cell wall: Polysaccharide (if any)
Cell division: Mitosis

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23
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria

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24
Q

Do Archaea cause any issues?

A

No, they do not

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25
Q

What is classification?

A

Organisms are sorted in a hierarchy (species, genus, family, etc). This system is known as taxonomy

We classify by looking for similar shared traits (which ideally indicate relatedness)

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26
Q

What characteristic do mammals share?

A

They produce milk

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27
Q

What characteristic do carnivora share?

A

Specialized teeth

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28
Q

What characteristic do Felidae share?

A

Retractable claws

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29
Q

What is a species?

A

A population whose members can interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring

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30
Q

What are problems with the definition of a species?

A
  • Many organisms don’t mate (there are no sexes)
  • Bacteria often swap DNA between unrelated forms
  • Viruses can’t even reproduce on their own
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31
Q

What is an example of a mammal that breed but cannot have offspring

A

A mule (horse and donkey)

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32
Q

How do we classify microbes?

A
  • Cell shape (morphology)
  • Ability to be stained
  • Biochemistry (nutrition, metabolism & growth conditions)
  • rRNA sequences (2-3% different = new species)
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33
Q

Why do we test enzymes

A

To see what kind of species these microbes are

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34
Q

What is a sequence alignment

A

Comparing rRNA genes between organisms to see how related they are

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35
Q

How do we name things?

A
  • Use latin (no favouritism)
  • Italicized or underlined
  • Each organism has two names: Genus and species
    eg: Escherichia coli (E.Coli)
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36
Q

Deinococcus Radiodurans is known for being

A

The “toughest bacterium”

It can survive cold, dehydration, vacuum, high acidity and radiation

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37
Q

What qualities do protistas have?

A

Animal and plant like qualities (do not fit into the other three kingdoms)

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38
Q

Prokaryotes - Archaea (many are)

A

Extremophiles and Methanogens

39
Q

Prokaryotes - Archaea compete with

A

Bacteria but bacteria do a better job at dividing and growing

40
Q

Where do you find prokaryotes (archaea)

A
  • Appear in warm climates where they do not need to compete with bacteria
  • Can live in water that is boiling
  • Can live really deep in the earth crust
  • Not known to cause any diseases
41
Q

Describe the structure of prokaryotes (Bacteria)

A
  • ‘Simple’ single celled organisms
  • No nucleus or internal organelles
  • Most posses a cell wall containing peptidoglycan
42
Q

What is endosymbiosis?

A

One cell living inside of another cell

43
Q

Give an example of endosymbiosis

A

Chlamydia lives inside of a cell and does not perform ATP, it steals energy just like parasites

44
Q

What is the Endosymbiotic Theory

A

Fusion or symbiotic association of prokaryotic cells

  • Ancestors of mitochondria were aerobic heterotrophic bacteria
  • Ancestors of chloroplasts were photosynthetic cyanobacteria
45
Q

Name the structure within a mitochondria

A
  • Outer membrane
  • Inner membrane
  • Intermembrane space
  • Cristae
  • Matrix
46
Q

What type of bacteria are mitochondria?

A

Aerobic bacteria

47
Q

What type of bacteria are chloroplasts?

A

Cyanobacteria

48
Q

Give an example of photosynthesis

A

A tree takes in CO2 from the air and releases oxygen?

49
Q

Give an example of absorption

A

A fungi, digestion starts outside of the body and then they soak things up

50
Q

Give an example of ingestion

51
Q

Describe Eukaryotes

A
  • Have a nucleus
  • Single-celled and multi-cellular organisms
  • Classified based on structure, reproductive cycles and how they feed themselves
52
Q

Describe Animalia

A
  • Multicellular
  • Ingest nutrients
  • Extracellular matrix
  • Sponges?
  • Vertebrates and invertebrates
53
Q

Describe plantae

A
  • Multicellular
  • Photosynthetic
  • Cellulose
  • Ex: mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants
54
Q

Describe Fungi

A
  • Absorb nutrients
  • Unicellular/multicellular
  • Chitin
  • Ex: Yeasts , moulds, mushrooms
55
Q

Describe protists

A
  • Unicellular organisms

- Don’t fit anywhere else!

56
Q

Describe the matrix and cell wall of a Eukaryotes

A

They have an extracellular matrix and no cell wall

57
Q

What is diploid?

A

Two sets of information

58
Q

Describe the stage of animals

A

Only the diploid stage is multicellular

59
Q

A gamete is ___ (cell)

A

Unicellular

60
Q

Describe the fungi stage

A

The haploid stage is multi-cellular, the diploid stage consists of a single cell

There may also be a multicellular dikaryotic stage
(Some of the cells in the fungi have 2 nuclei and are haploid)

61
Q

Where does meosis occur?

A

In mushrooms and it produces spores?

62
Q

Describe the sex (Re)Education in plants

A

“Alternation of Generations”

There are multicellular diploid AND haploid stages

63
Q

Describe Eukaryotes - Animalia

A
  • Multicellular
  • ECM? instead of cell wall
  • Most are ingestive
64
Q

Describe Eukaryotes - Plantae

A
  • Multicellular
  • Cell walls made of cellulose
  • Photosynthetic
  • No known pathogenic forms
65
Q

Describe Eukaryotes - Fungi

A
  • Single celled or multicellular
  • Cell walls containing chitin
  • Absorptive
66
Q

Describe Eukaryotes - Protista

A

Complex (eukaryotic) single cells that can’t be easily categorized

67
Q

What type of group are the protista?

A

A very diverse group of single-celled microbes whose relationships are poorly understood

68
Q

How are protists grouped?

A

According to means of nourishment, sex, and ___?

69
Q

What are the different types of protists

A

Ingestive protists: Protozoa
Absorptive protists: Water moulds
Photosynthetic protists: Algae

70
Q

Viruses and Prions have 4 possibilities

A

Single stranded RNA, DNA, or double stranded RNA, DNA

71
Q

What are some criteria that may be used for classifying microbes? (4)

A
  • Cell shapes
  • Ability to be stained
  • Biochemistry or metabolic abilities
  • DNA sequence - particularly those for rRNAs
72
Q

Define the characteristics of a Prokaryotes - Bacteria

A
  • ‘Simple’ single celled organisms
  • No nucleus
  • No internal organelles
  • Most possess a cell wall containing peptidoglycan
73
Q

Define the characteristics of Eukaryotes - Animalia

A
  • Multicellular
  • Made up of Eukaryotic cells
  • No cell walls
74
Q

Define the characteristics of Fungi

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Unicellular
  • Multicellular
  • Cell walls containing chitin
75
Q

Define the characteristics of Protista

A
  • Complex (eukaryotic) single cells that can’t be easily categorized
76
Q

Viruses and reproduction

A

They cannot reproduce on their own

77
Q

Define taxonomy

A

The science of classifying and naming organisms

78
Q

Define Prokaryote

A

Any unicellular microorganism that lacks a nucleus. Classificiation include Bacteria and Archae.

79
Q

Define Eukaryote

A

Any organism made up of cells containing a nucleus composed of genetic material surrounded by a distinct membrane.
Classification includes animals, plants, fungi, and protozoa

80
Q

Define Bacteria

A

Prokaryotic microorganisms typically having cell walls composed of peptidoglycan

81
Q

Define Fungi

A

Eukaryotic organisms that have cell walls and obtain food from other organisms

82
Q

Define Virus

A

Tiny infectious acellular agent ____?

83
Q

What are the characteristics of life (8)

A
  • Reproduction
  • They have genetic material of some sort (DNA)
  • They grow
  • They have some sort of metabolism (to utilize energy)
  • Maintain homeostasis
  • Respond to stimuli
  • They adapt very quickly
  • They fight entrophy (the tendency towards disorder)
84
Q

What are the 2 main types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

85
Q

What are the 3 domains of life?

A

Eukarya, Archae, and Bacteria

86
Q

Why are Archae and Bacteria both Prokaryotes?

A

Because they don’t have nuclei

87
Q

Describe the structure of a Prokaryotic cell

A 
Size: smaller than Eukaryotic cell 
Nucleus: No 
Membrane-Bound Organelles: No 
Ribosomes: Yes 
Presence and Type of Cell: Yes, there is a cell wall made of Peptidoglycan
88
Q

Describe the structure of a Prokaryotic cell

A 
Size: smaller than Eukaryotic cell 
Nucleus: No 
Membrane-Bound Organelles: No 
Ribosomes: Yes 
Presence and Type of Cell: Yes, there is a cell wall made of Peptidoglycan (some Prokaryotes have lost their cell wall. They may have a capsule/slime layer)
89
Q

Describe the structure of a Eukaryotic cell

A 
Size: Bigger than Prokaryotic 
Nucleus: Yes 
Membrane-Bound Organelles: Yes 
Ribosomes: Yes 
Presence and Type of Cell: May have a cell wall
90
Q

What is the cell wall in plants made of?

91
Q

What is the cell wall of animals made of?

A

They do not have a cell wall. We have proteins, known as the extracellular matrix

92
Q

What types of characteristics do taxonomists use to classify microbes?

A
  • cell structure (shape)
  • cellular metabolism
  • differences in cell components such as DNA, growth form (how they stick together in chains Ex: Strepto)
  • Colour of the colonies
93
Q

How are rRNA genes used?

A

rRNA genes are compared to see how similar/different two organisms are

Microbiology (13 decks)

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