Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Topic 2 > Flashcards

Topic 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What size are bacteria?

A

Small, they are the most important

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What size are viruses?

A

They are even smaller than bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an example of multicellular parasites?

A

Tapeworms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What can fungi cause?

A

Some skin infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are protists

A

Single cells eukaryotic organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are prions

A

Proteins, not living things, will bing to some proteins (in a human) and stop them from working

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which organism has a “true” nucleus?

A

A eukaryotic (animal) cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Are viruses alive?

A

They reproduce (can’t do it alone), don’t have metabolism, don’t take in food, don’t have waste, don’t take up energy, have genetic material so they are not ‘technically’ alive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is included in Prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria and archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is included in Eukaryotic cells

A

Protists
Algae
Fungi
Animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is included in acellular

A

Viruses

Prions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does acellular mean

A

Without cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Give an example of a protist

A

Seaweed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Eukaryotic are what type of cells

A

Single cells, what humans are made of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the chemistry of Archaea

A

The chemistry and metabolism is similar to eukaryotic cells, do not cause infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the top 3 groups in Eukarya

A

Plants, animals (humans), and fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the chromosome

A

How DNA is stored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the capsule layer?

A

It is resistant the immune system (more dangerous to humans)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the plasmid

A

It is useful because we can take DNA and put it in a plasmid and trick it to multiple.
It carries a gene that makes bacteria resistant to antibiotics which is not done by eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

State the features of a Prokaryote cell

A 
Chromosomes: circular 
- no nucleus 
- no histones 
Plus additional small circles of DNA called plasmids 
Organelles: No 
Cell wall: Peptidoglycan (most) 
Cell Division: Binary Fission
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are histones

A

Positively charged proteins in eukaryote (used for compacted DNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

State the features of a Eukaryote cell?

A

Chromosomes: Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane
(Histones - proteins used to package DNA into chromosomes)
Organelles: Yes
Cell wall: Polysaccharide (if any)
Cell division: Mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Do Archaea cause any issues?

A

No, they do not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is classification?

A

Organisms are sorted in a hierarchy (species, genus, family, etc). This system is known as taxonomy

We classify by looking for similar shared traits (which ideally indicate relatedness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What characteristic do mammals share?

A

They produce milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What characteristic do carnivora share?

A

Specialized teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What characteristic do Felidae share?

A

Retractable claws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is a species?

A

A population whose members can interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are problems with the definition of a species?

A
  • Many organisms don’t mate (there are no sexes)
  • Bacteria often swap DNA between unrelated forms
  • Viruses can’t even reproduce on their own
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is an example of a mammal that breed but cannot have offspring

A

A mule (horse and donkey)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How do we classify microbes?

A
  • Cell shape (morphology)
  • Ability to be stained
  • Biochemistry (nutrition, metabolism & growth conditions)
  • rRNA sequences (2-3% different = new species)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Why do we test enzymes

A

To see what kind of species these microbes are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is a sequence alignment

A

Comparing rRNA genes between organisms to see how related they are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How do we name things?

A
  • Use latin (no favouritism)
  • Italicized or underlined
  • Each organism has two names: Genus and species
    eg: Escherichia coli (E.Coli)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Deinococcus Radiodurans is known for being

A

The “toughest bacterium”

It can survive cold, dehydration, vacuum, high acidity and radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What qualities do protistas have?

A

Animal and plant like qualities (do not fit into the other three kingdoms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Prokaryotes - Archaea (many are)

A

Extremophiles and Methanogens

39
Q

Prokaryotes - Archaea compete with

A

Bacteria but bacteria do a better job at dividing and growing

40
Q

Where do you find prokaryotes (archaea)

A
  • Appear in warm climates where they do not need to compete with bacteria
  • Can live in water that is boiling
  • Can live really deep in the earth crust
  • Not known to cause any diseases
41
Q

Describe the structure of prokaryotes (Bacteria)

A
  • ‘Simple’ single celled organisms
  • No nucleus or internal organelles
  • Most posses a cell wall containing peptidoglycan
42
Q

What is endosymbiosis?

A

One cell living inside of another cell

43
Q

Give an example of endosymbiosis

A

Chlamydia lives inside of a cell and does not perform ATP, it steals energy just like parasites

44
Q

What is the Endosymbiotic Theory

A

Fusion or symbiotic association of prokaryotic cells

  • Ancestors of mitochondria were aerobic heterotrophic bacteria
  • Ancestors of chloroplasts were photosynthetic cyanobacteria
45
Q

Name the structure within a mitochondria

A
  • Outer membrane
  • Inner membrane
  • Intermembrane space
  • Cristae
  • Matrix
46
Q

What type of bacteria are mitochondria?

A

Aerobic bacteria

47
Q

What type of bacteria are chloroplasts?

A

Cyanobacteria

48
Q

Give an example of photosynthesis

A

A tree takes in CO2 from the air and releases oxygen?

49
Q

Give an example of absorption

A

A fungi, digestion starts outside of the body and then they soak things up

50
Q

Give an example of ingestion

A

Amoeba?

51
Q

Describe Eukaryotes

A
  • Have a nucleus
  • Single-celled and multi-cellular organisms
  • Classified based on structure, reproductive cycles and how they feed themselves
52
Q

Describe Animalia

A
  • Multicellular
  • Ingest nutrients
  • Extracellular matrix
  • Sponges?
  • Vertebrates and invertebrates
53
Q

Describe plantae

A
  • Multicellular
  • Photosynthetic
  • Cellulose
  • Ex: mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants
54
Q

Describe Fungi

A
  • Absorb nutrients
  • Unicellular/multicellular
  • Chitin
  • Ex: Yeasts , moulds, mushrooms
55
Q

Describe protists

A
  • Unicellular organisms

- Don’t fit anywhere else!

56
Q

Describe the matrix and cell wall of a Eukaryotes

A

They have an extracellular matrix and no cell wall

57
Q

What is diploid?

A

Two sets of information

58
Q

Describe the stage of animals

A

Only the diploid stage is multicellular

59
Q

A gamete is ___ (cell)

A

Unicellular

60
Q

Describe the fungi stage

A

The haploid stage is multi-cellular, the diploid stage consists of a single cell

There may also be a multicellular dikaryotic stage
(Some of the cells in the fungi have 2 nuclei and are haploid)

61
Q

Where does meosis occur?

A

In mushrooms and it produces spores?

62
Q

Describe the sex (Re)Education in plants

A

“Alternation of Generations”

There are multicellular diploid AND haploid stages

63
Q

Describe Eukaryotes - Animalia

A
  • Multicellular
  • ECM? instead of cell wall
  • Most are ingestive
64
Q

Describe Eukaryotes - Plantae

A
  • Multicellular
  • Cell walls made of cellulose
  • Photosynthetic
  • No known pathogenic forms
65
Q

Describe Eukaryotes - Fungi

A
  • Single celled or multicellular
  • Cell walls containing chitin
  • Absorptive
66
Q

Describe Eukaryotes - Protista

A

Complex (eukaryotic) single cells that can’t be easily categorized

67
Q

What type of group are the protista?

A

A very diverse group of single-celled microbes whose relationships are poorly understood

68
Q

How are protists grouped?

A

According to means of nourishment, sex, and ___?

69
Q

What are the different types of protists

A

Ingestive protists: Protozoa
Absorptive protists: Water moulds
Photosynthetic protists: Algae

70
Q

Viruses and Prions have 4 possibilities

A

Single stranded RNA, DNA, or double stranded RNA, DNA

71
Q

What are some criteria that may be used for classifying microbes? (4)

A
  • Cell shapes
  • Ability to be stained
  • Biochemistry or metabolic abilities
  • DNA sequence - particularly those for rRNAs
72
Q

Define the characteristics of a Prokaryotes - Bacteria

A
  • ‘Simple’ single celled organisms
  • No nucleus
  • No internal organelles
  • Most possess a cell wall containing peptidoglycan
73
Q

Define the characteristics of Eukaryotes - Animalia

A
  • Multicellular
  • Made up of Eukaryotic cells
  • No cell walls
74
Q

Define the characteristics of Fungi

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Unicellular
  • Multicellular
  • Cell walls containing chitin
75
Q

Define the characteristics of Protista

A
  • Complex (eukaryotic) single cells that can’t be easily categorized
76
Q

Viruses and reproduction

A

They cannot reproduce on their own

77
Q

Define taxonomy

A

The science of classifying and naming organisms

78
Q

Define Prokaryote

A

Any unicellular microorganism that lacks a nucleus. Classificiation include Bacteria and Archae.

79
Q

Define Eukaryote

A

Any organism made up of cells containing a nucleus composed of genetic material surrounded by a distinct membrane.
Classification includes animals, plants, fungi, and protozoa

80
Q

Define Bacteria

A

Prokaryotic microorganisms typically having cell walls composed of peptidoglycan

81
Q

Define Fungi

A

Eukaryotic organisms that have cell walls and obtain food from other organisms

82
Q

Define Virus

A

Tiny infectious acellular agent ____?

83
Q

What are the characteristics of life (8)

A
  • Reproduction
  • They have genetic material of some sort (DNA)
  • They grow
  • They have some sort of metabolism (to utilize energy)
  • Maintain homeostasis
  • Respond to stimuli
  • They adapt very quickly
  • They fight entrophy (the tendency towards disorder)
84
Q

What are the 2 main types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

85
Q

What are the 3 domains of life?

A

Eukarya, Archae, and Bacteria

86
Q

Why are Archae and Bacteria both Prokaryotes?

A

Because they don’t have nuclei

87
Q

Describe the structure of a Prokaryotic cell

A 
Size: smaller than Eukaryotic cell 
Nucleus: No 
Membrane-Bound Organelles: No 
Ribosomes: Yes 
Presence and Type of Cell: Yes, there is a cell wall made of Peptidoglycan
88
Q

Describe the structure of a Prokaryotic cell

A 
Size: smaller than Eukaryotic cell 
Nucleus: No 
Membrane-Bound Organelles: No 
Ribosomes: Yes 
Presence and Type of Cell: Yes, there is a cell wall made of Peptidoglycan (some Prokaryotes have lost their cell wall. They may have a capsule/slime layer)
89
Q

Describe the structure of a Eukaryotic cell

A 
Size: Bigger than Prokaryotic 
Nucleus: Yes 
Membrane-Bound Organelles: Yes 
Ribosomes: Yes 
Presence and Type of Cell: May have a cell wall
90
Q

What is the cell wall in plants made of?

A

Cellulose

91
Q

What is the cell wall of animals made of?

A

They do not have a cell wall. We have proteins, known as the extracellular matrix

92
Q

What types of characteristics do taxonomists use to classify microbes?

A
  • cell structure (shape)
  • cellular metabolism
  • differences in cell components such as DNA, growth form (how they stick together in chains Ex: Strepto)
  • Colour of the colonies
93
Q

How are rRNA genes used?

A

rRNA genes are compared to see how similar/different two organisms are

Microbiology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions