topic 6.2.1: cloning and biotechnology

Question 1

what is vegetative propagation

Answer 1

asexual reproduction using meristem cells from vegetative organs eg roots and shoots tips, vascular cambium

Question 2

what are runners

Answer 2

horizontal stems that point away from the plant so new clones can grow

Question 3

what are rhizomes

Answer 3

underground runners

Question 4

how are plant cuttings grown

Answer 4

cut off none flowering stems, dip in plant hormones and fungicide, grow in soil

Question 5

what is micropropagation

Answer 5

multiplies plants from small pieces of tissue grown in sterile environment, producing cloned plantlets

Question 6

are plant cells pluri or totipotent

Answer 6

toti

Question 7

how would you micropropagate a plant

Answer 7

take tissue culture, sterilise with ethanol, grow with hormones, callus forms and splits into cells, transfer to agar

Question 8

advantages of micropropagation

Answer 8

rapid, disease free, can clone gm or seedless plants

Question 9

disadvantages of micropropagation

Answer 9

expensive, requires skill, reduced gene pool, susceptible to same diseases

Question 10

how are animals naturally cloned

Answer 10

monozygotic twins

Question 11

embryo splitting

Answer 11

two desirable parents selected, female given hormones to produce many eggs, ivf, egg splits, cells inserted into surrogates

Question 12

somatic cell nuclear transfer

Answer 12

somatic cell taken from body, eggs cell enucleated, somatic nucleus inserted, electrical current stimulates division, embryos inserted into surrogates

Question 13

what type of clones does embryo splitting produce

Answer 13

each other, not parents

Question 14

what type of clones does somatic cell nuclear transfer produce

Answer 14

each other and parents

Question 15

advantages of artificial cloning of animals

Answer 15

more offspring, cloning of gm animals, protect endangered species

Question 16

disadvantages of artificial cloning of animals

Answer 16

inefficient, high miscarriage rate, shorter lifespan

Question 17

advantages of microorganisms of biotech

Answer 17

economic advantages, basic growth requirements, faster food production due to short lifecycle

Question 18

advantages of microorganisms of biotech

Answer 18

microbes grow rapidly, can be gm, no ethical concerns, healthy

Question 19

disadvantages of microorganisms of biotech

Answer 19

can produce toxins, aseptic, not appealing, needs additives

Question 20

how are microorganisms cultured

Answer 20

pour sterile agar in to petri dish, flame neck of culture, take sample with sterile inoculating loop, flame neck, replace plug, wipe end of loop on agar, tape lid and incubate at 25 degrees for 24hours

Question 21

batch fermentation

Answer 21

all nutrients added and then allowed to grow until desired product obtained
manipulating conditions impacts growth, metabolism etc

Question 22

continuous fermantation

Answer 22

continuous flow of sterile medium while removing equal products

Question 23

number of individual organisms =

Answer 23

initial number x number of divisions

Question 24

phases of standard growth curve

Answer 24

lag, exponential, stationary, death

Question 25

4 methods of immobilising enzymes

Answer 25

adsorption, covalent bonding, entrapment, encapsulation

Question 26

advantages of immobilised enzymes

Answer 26

don’t need to purify, can be reused, decreased sensitivity

Question 27

advantages and disadvantages of adsorption

Answer 27

simple, cheap, versatile
enzyme may detach, surface could cover as

Question 28

advantages and disadvantages of covalent bonding

Answer 28

strong, readily in contact
varied cost, bonding could change tertiary structure

Question 29

advantages and disadvantages of entrapment

Answer 29

versatile
expensive and time consuming