topic 5.2.2: respiration Flashcards
where does glycolysis occur
cytoplasm
what is the function of glycolysis
glucose is split into 2 pyruvates. ATP and RNAD produced
describe the first stage of glycolysis
PHOSPHORYLATION
2 phosphates released from ATP and attached to a glucose molecule to form hexose bisphosphate
describe the second stage of glycolysis
LYSIS
this destabilises the molecule causing it to split into 2 3C sugars
describe the third stage of glycolysis
PHOSPHORYLATION
another phosphate group added to each from free inorganic phosphate ions in cytoplasm
describe the fourth stage of glycolysis
DEHYDROGENATION
formation of ATP
the 2 mols are then oxidised to form 2 pyruvates. NAD accept removed H+ so are reduced. 4 ATP mols formed
what is substrate level phosphorylation
the formation of ATP with no ETC
where does the link reaction occur
matrix
what happens in the link reaction
OXIDATIVE DECARBOXYLATION
pyruvate enters matrix by AT via carrier proteins
then undergoes OD (H+ and CO2 removed)
H+ accepted by NAD
2C acetyl group is bound to coenzyme A
acetyl coA used to deliver to next stage
where does the krebs cycle occur
matrix
what is the purpose of the krebs cycle
generates reduced coenzymes and ATP
what happens in the krebs cycle
coA released
acetyl combines with oxaloacetate
6C citrate formed
decarboxylation to produce 2CO2
ADP phosphorylated
FAD reduced
3NAD reduced
4C oxaloacetate produced
where are the electron transport chains
membranes of cristae
what is chemiosmosis
diffusion of protons from a region of high to low concentration through a partially permeable membrane which releases energy
what is the final stage of respiration
oxidative phosphorylation
describe the electron transport chain
high energy electrons move along carriers which releases energy
protons pumped across membrane, h+ stay
protons diffuse back across through atp synthase channels
at the end electrons combine with h+ and oxygen to form water (final electron acceptor)
what are the overall products of respiration
28 atp, 6 h2o
what happens in anaerobic respiration
pyruvate is reduced to form ethanol and carbon dioxide in plants or lactate in mammals by gaining h+ from red nad
nad is reused in glycolysis
how many atp produced per glucose in anaerobic respiration
2
how is respiratory quotient calculated
co2 produced/ oxygen consumed
what is the rq for glucose
1
what is the rq for fats
0.7
what is the rq for proteins
0.9
