topic 6.1.3: manipulating genomes Flashcards

1
Q

what is a genome

A

the genetic material of an organism

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2
Q

what are the ingredients of dna sequencing

A

dna polymerase, primer, excess of nucleotides, terminator bases, dna to be sequenced mixed in a thermocycler

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3
Q

what are the principles of dna sequencing

A

dna p adds comp bases to dna, creating new strand
terminator bases added at diff points, creating every possible length
each base labelled with fluorescent dye
gel electrophoresis separates according to size

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4
Q

what is high throughput sequencing

A

many fragments processed and sequenced simultaneously

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5
Q

what are the benefits of genome wide comparisons

A

identify sources of infections, identify resistant bac, track spread of pathogens

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6
Q

what is synthetic biology

A

creation of artificial organisms or devices, or redesign of natural systems eg genetic engineering, synthesis of genes

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7
Q

what is bioinformatics

A

use of software to analyse and store data

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8
Q

what is computational biology

A

use of computers to study biology eg modelling

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9
Q

what are introns made up of

A

variable number tandem repeats

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10
Q

what are vntrs

A

sequences where nucleotides are repeated a variable number of times, meaning they are different lengths in individuals

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11
Q

what are the 6 stages of dna profiling

A

extraction, digestion, separation, hybridisation, development, analysis

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12
Q

what happens in the extraction stage of dna profiling

A

small fragment multiplied by pcr

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13
Q

what happens in the digestion stage of dna profiling

A

restriction endonucleases added to cut dna into smaller pieces

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14
Q

what happens in the separation stage of dna profiling

A

gel electrophoresis

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15
Q

what happens in the hybridisation stage of dna profiling

A

fluorescent or radioactive probes added in excess and bind to dna

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16
Q

what are probes

A

short complementary fragments

17
Q

what happens in the development stage of dna profiling

A

southern blotting:
strands transferred to nylon membrane and exposed to x rays to visualise position of probes

18
Q

what happens in the analysis stage of dna profiling

A

bands compared to identify relationships, presence of disease, or match unknown samples

19
Q

what equipment is needed for a polymerase chain reaction

A

thermocycler, dna fragment, primers, taq polymerase, nucleotides

20
Q

why is taq polymerase used

A

thermophilic bacteria thrive in hot conditions, work faster

21
Q

what are the principles of pcr

A

95: h bonds broken, dna split
55: annealing
72: synthesis

22
Q

describe the process of electrophoresis

A

samples loaded into agar plates, ph buffer added and voltage applied to cathode end
dna move to pos end
alkali added to denature strands

23
Q

what are the 4 stages of genetic engineering

A

identification, removal, insertion, transformation

24
Q

what happens in the identification stage of genetic engineering

A

desired gene selected in organism and plasmid

25
Q

what happens in the removal stage of genetic engineering

A

remove gene and section of plasmid with restriction endonucleases

26
Q

what happens in the insertion stage of genetic engineering

A

dna put into plasmid using dna ligase to anneal sticky ends (phosphodiester bonds)

27
Q

what happens in the transformation stage of genetic engineering

A

recombinant plasmid into bacteria host cell by electroporation, marker genes mark which genes took up plasmid

28
Q

what is electroporation

A

electrical current applied to increase cell’s permeability

29
Q

how are soya plants genetically engineered

A

addition of gene to produce bt protein which is toxic to pests

30
Q

what are the risks and benefits of genetically engineering plants

A

reduces needs for pesticides, maximises yield, bur may spread to env

31
Q

what are some reasons that plants may be genetically engineered

A

maximise shelf life, nutritional value, produce medicine

32
Q

what does patented mean

A

certain groups are excluded from being able to use an invention ie poorer farmers

33
Q

how are animals genetically engineered

A

modified viruses are injected to carry new genes

34
Q

what is pharming

A

inserting a human gene into bacteria to produce a human protein

35
Q

what are the risks and benefits of pharming

A

research and vectors
increased antibiotic resistance, disruption to expression or regulation of genes

36
Q

what is gene therapy

A

treatment of genetic disorders by altering dna

37
Q

what are the principles of gene therapy

A

cells isolated from patient, viral vector inserted, cells injected or inhaled

38
Q

what is somatic cell gene therapy

A

some cells are replaced- temporary

39
Q

what is germ line cell gene therapy

A

alteration of dna in gametes so offspring doesn’t inherit faulty gene- permanent