Topic 6 Long Term Memory pt 1

Question 1

True or False: Memory is localized in one area of the brain

Answer 1

False: Certain types of memory can be localized, but almost every part of the brain is involved in memory or learning due to some changes in the nervous system;

memory is pervasive

Question 2

what do the different aspects of memory have in common?

Answer 2

They all have a common underlying representation: # of synapses and strength of synapses connections between neurons

Question 3

short term memories that require active maintenance

Answer 3

human: sensory, short-term, and working memory

Question 4

Can attention be both transient and selective?

Answer 4

Yes, such as when you are trying to find the difference in the Flicker experiment. It is transient because you are looking for things seconds at a time, but also selective because we focus our attention on the particular object

Question 5

can change blindness happen in other senses?

Answer 5

yes it can, but it is most easily seen in vision

Question 6

how is new memory stored in the brain?

Answer 6

when new memories are formed, synaptic strengths either get stronger, weaker, or new synapses will form

Question 7

short term memories include:

Answer 7

working memory, short term memories, and sensory

Question 8

______ needs active maintenance whereas _____ needs passive storage

Answer 8

STM needs active maintenance whereas LTM needs passive storage

Question 9

where memory is stored is _____(the same/ different) as/from where memory is processed

Answer 9

where memory is stores is the same as where memory is processed

Question 10

In humans, interpretation of synapses depend on _______.

Answer 10

In humans, interpretation of synapses depend on location in the nervous system (eg, synapses in V1 represents vision, and synapses in cerebellum represents motor control and coordination)

Question 11

How is memory accessed in humans?

Answer 11

In humans, memory is accessed based on content (eg, “what do you know about pandas?”

Question 12

If Jane were to ask you, “what do you know about pandas?” The word “panda” is a _______

Answer 12

retrieval cue

Question 13

You are asked to repeat words back to the coordinator in the same order it was presented. What kind of memory task is this? (STM, LTM)

Answer 13

this is a short term memory task

Question 14

You are asked to repeat words back to the coordinator, but it does not have to be in the same order it was presented. What kind of memory task is this? (STM, LTM)

Answer 14

long term memory task

Question 15

What are the long term memory processes? (5 points)

Answer 15

1. ) encoding *
2. ) consolidation
3. ) storage *
4. ) retrieval *
5. ) reconsolidation?

Question 16

memory span is to ____ whereas list learning is to ______

Answer 16

memory span is to STM, whereas list learning is to LTM

Question 17

what is the timescale and and capacity of STM?

Answer 17

timescale: seconds
capacity: extremely limited

Question 18

what is the timescale and capacity of LTM?

Answer 18

timescale: minutes, hours, days, years
capacity: massive

Question 19

why is single dissociation not a good way to conclude that STM and LTM are separable systems? (2 points)

Answer 19

1. ) partial damage argument

2. ) compensation argument

Question 20

why is a double dissociation technique better than single dissociation?

Answer 20

It rules out the partial damage and compensation argument; in a system, STM or LTM cannot be both harder or easier, so the only option left is that STM and LTM are separable systems

Question 21

The Lexical Decision Task is to test ________

Answer 21

the Lexical Decision task is to test semantic priming

Question 22

In The Lexical Decision Task, where are unrelated - related word pairs shown in the brain?

Answer 22

left anterior temporal cortex

Question 23

In The Lexical Decision Task, where are the related - unrelated word pairs shown in the brain?

Answer 23

left inferior parietal cortex

Question 24

You are given 24 old words and 24 new words. You have to identify the new words. What kind of memory task is this? (STM/LTM; what kind of STM/LTM)

Answer 24

LTM: Implicit memory

Question 25

You are given 24 old words and 24 new words. You have to say “yes” or “no” if words are from the list. What kind of memory task is this? (STM/LTM: what kind of STM/LTM)

Answer 25

LTM: Explicit memory

Question 26

true or false: implicit memory depends on our conscious awareness

Answer 26

false: implicit memory is independent of our conscious awareness

Question 27

habitauation

Answer 27

reduced response to an unchanging stimulus

Question 28

sensitization

Answer 28

increased response to an unchanging stimulus

Question 29

which of the following implicit memory depends on our sensory-motor reflex pathways?

Answer 29

non - associative memory (habituation and sensitization)

Question 30

Habituation in sea slugs

Answer 30

Pre- synaptic depression

• same AP
• reduced NT release
• smalled EPSP

Question 31

Sensitization in sea slugs

Answer 31

Pre-synaptic facilitation

• same AP
• increase NT release
• larger EPSP

Question 32

Implicit memory -> procedural learning

which loop is responsible for motor adaptation?

Answer 32

cerebellar loops

Question 33

Implicit memory -> procedural learning

which loop is responsible for motor sequence learning?

Answer 33

cortico-basal ganglia thalamo-cortical loop

Question 34

someone is throwing darts with prism goggles whereby everything they see is shifted to the left . If that person has a cerebellar lesion, what can you expect if they throw darts at a target?

Answer 34

The person will never adjust to the distortion and wont be able to hit the target, even after a few sessions

Question 35

Alex is throwing darts with prism goggles whereby everything they see is shifted to the left. Alex is perfectly healthy with no brain damage. What can you expect if they throw darts at a target?

Answer 35

At first, Alex will not hit the target. But after a few tries, he will be able to hit the target due to cerebellum’s ability for motor adaptation

Question 36

what part of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop represents prediction error?

Answer 36

substantia nigra pars compacta

Question 37

What parts of the brain is responsible for priming?

Answer 37

sensory cortices (eg, occipital lobe for vision) 
unimodal and multimodal association corticves (eg, anterior temporal, inferior parietal, prefrontal cortex)

Question 38

What are the types of priming

Answer 38

1. ) perceptual priming
2. ) conceptual priming
3. ) semantic priming

Question 39

What is perceptual priming?

Answer 39

when you think of a word because it looks the same as what you were primed with

Question 40

You are given a list to remember (bottle, envelope, mirror). Then you were given a test cue of “stationary”. You are more likely to say “envelope” to the given test cue. Why is this?

Answer 40

You have undergone conceptual priming whereby seeing “envelope” before hand and then presented with “stationary” as a test cue resulted in increased likelihood to say “envelope” as an answer

Question 41

define semantic priming

Answer 41

when you are primed with a target, you are more likely to be faster to think of a semantically related word than if you were not primed with a target. For example, you are primed with “envelope”. You are more likely to think of a semantically related word like “letter” if we were previously primed with “envelope”

Question 42

Korsakoff Syndrome

Answer 42

• severe amnesia due to alcoholism

- deficit of forming new episodic memories

Question 43

In individuals with Korsakoff Syndrome, how will the results be when presented with the Gollin task?

Answer 43

Although they wont remember doing the task due to deficit of forming new episodic memories, they are still able to improve in the Gollin task due to implicit memory (perceptual priming)

Question 44

Gollin task is to ______ priming and Lexical decision task is to ______ priming

Answer 44

perceptual priming ; semantic priming

Question 45

Jane has previously been primed with “chair”. Which of the following will she be faster to recognize as a word?

glasses, watch, couch, mirror

Answer 45

couch, because it is most semantically related to chair. And Jane has been semantically primed through the Lexical task.

Question 46

which part of the brain is responsible for implicit memory -> motor skill learning?

Answer 46

1. ) motor sequence -> cortico basal ganglia thalamo cortical loop
2. ) motor adaptation -> cerebellar loop