Topic 4 Action pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A person has problems with pattern movements as well as range of movements (eg touching their head then touching their nose). This person likely has damage to their ________

A

cerebellum

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2
Q

White matter of cerebellum

A

arbor vitae

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3
Q

gray matter of cerebellum

A

folia

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4
Q

which ventricle is seen adjacent to the cerebellum?

A

4th ventricle

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5
Q

How many granule cells are there in the cerebellum ?

A

50 billion (3/4 of all the neurons in the brain)

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6
Q

cerebellum

A
  • uses forward model to predict results of motor command
  • uses difference between actual results and predicted results for online error correction and motor learning
  • feedback control
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7
Q

less feedback leads to ______ error

A

less feedback leads to greater error

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8
Q

What does Fitt’s Law describe?

A

Fitt’s Law describes the speed/accuracy tradeoff in pointing motions

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9
Q

In Fitt’s Law, what does a and b represent?

A
a = initiation time for limb 
b = relative pace of limb
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10
Q

If you want to reach a distance D in less time, what must happen to W?

A

If you want to reach a distance (D) in less time, target must get wider (W)

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11
Q

If you want to reach a greater distance (D) in the same amount of time, what must happen to W?

A

If you want to reach a greater distance (D) in the same amount of time, target must get wider (W)

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12
Q

Axons from M1 synapse directly onto

A

Axons from M1 synapse directly onto lower motor neurons

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13
Q

Local circuit neuron

A

interneuron

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14
Q

Is inhibition of a reflex possible?

A

yes, as long as we plan to inhibit reflex before the reflex happens

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15
Q

What can local circuits in spinal cord do? (3 points)

A
  • can control complex movement
  • can respond to environmental changes
  • do not require higher level inputs
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16
Q

Where do lower motor neurons synapse?

A

directly on the mm fibers

17
Q

what causes mm fibers to contract?

A

release of neurotransmitters cause mm fibers to contract. Once contracted, the mm spindles send signals back to the spinal cord via dorsal root ganglia

18
Q

What happens with finer motor control?

A

for limbs with finer motor control, each motor neuron innervates fewer mm fibers

19
Q

intracellular electrical recording ( 3 points)

A
  • used mostly in vitro
  • voltage clamp / current clamp
  • patch clamp
20
Q

extracellular electrical recording (3 points)

A
  • single unit recording
  • multi- electrode recording
  • field potentials
21
Q

in vitro

A

used to describe work that’s performed outside of a living organism

22
Q

in vivo

A

used to describe work that’s performed within an entire living organism

23
Q

what do we use to research awake animals?

A

in vivo multi-electrode recording (extracellular electrical recording) on awake animals

24
Q

when do we use intracellular electrical recordings?

A

used in in vitro (performed outside of a living organism)

25
What is the resulting data of using in vivo multi-electrode recordings on awake animals? What challenges do we face ?
- individual actions in individual neurons (great spatial and temporal resolution) - challenges include finding the "right neurons" and finding out how these neurons relate to the billions of other neurons
26
What are the areas of potential concerns in animal experimentation? (4 points)
- care and housing - surgical implantation of electrodes - training and performance (food/water deprivation and physical coercion and restraint) - killing and sacrifice after experiment
27
what are larger things to consider in animal experimentation?
- pain and suffering - lack of consent - killing living creatures - interspecies differences - benefit to humanity - necessity for knowledge
28
from most superficial to deepest, what are the cell layers of the cerebellum?
Molecular layer Purkinje Layer Granular Layer
29
the primary motor cortex is to the _____ model and the cerebellum is to the _____ model
the primary motor cortex is to the inverse model and the cerebellum is to the forward model
30
the smaller the target, the _____ the accuracy, the _____ the time
the smaller the target, the greater the accuracy, the greater the time
31
what does "a" represent in the Fitt's Law equation?
"a" represents initiation time
32
what does "b" represent in the Fitt's Law equation?
"b" represents relative pace of limb
33
does intracellular recording occur most in vitro or in vivo?
intracellular = mostly in vitro
34
which extracellular recording (single-unit recording or multi-electrode recording) is used in awake animals?
we use extracellular (multi-electrode) recording in awake animals, allowing us to see individual action potentials in individual neurons with better spatial and temporal resolution
35
how does the "in vivo multi-electrode recording in awake animal" get recorded and converted to data on a screen? (4 points)
1. ) commutator 2. ) amplifier / filter 3. ) analog to digital converter and data storage 4. ) spike clustering
36
what "device" interprets the signals of the microelectrodes and then sends it to the robotic arm?
brain machine interface