Topic 2 Brains pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

the forebrain is the _____ and ______

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

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2
Q

what is the telencephalon made up of?

A

cerebral cortex
hippocampus
basal ganglia

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3
Q

what is the diencephalon made up of?

A

thalamus

hypothalamus

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4
Q

the midbrain is the ____

A

mesencephalon

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5
Q

what is the mesencephalon made up of?

A

superior colliculus
inferior colliculus
motor nuclei
substantia nigra

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6
Q

what is the hindbrain made up of?

A

metencephalon and myencephalon

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7
Q

what is the metencephalon made up of ?

A

pons and cerebellum

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8
Q

what is the myencephalon made up of?

A

medulla

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9
Q

what are the parts of the brain that makes up the brain stem?

A
superior colliculus
inferior colliculus
motor nuclei
pons
medulla
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10
Q

Do cranial nerves have both afferent and efferent signals?

A

yes

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11
Q

what parts of the brain make up the subcortical structures? (6 points)

A
hippocampus 
basal ganglia
hypothalamus 
thalamus
cerebellum
amygdala
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12
Q

what are the functions of the cerebellum? (5 points)

A
balance
posture 
equilibrium 
coordination 
motor control
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13
Q

what are the functions of the hypothalamus (5 points)

A
hormone release 
body temperature 
hunger 
thirst
sleep
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14
Q

what are the functions of the thalamus (3 points)

A

sensory motor hub and relay
lateral geniculate nucleus: visual relay
medial geniculate nucleus: auditory relay

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15
Q

what are the 4 parts of the basal ganglia

A

caudate
putamen
globus pallidus
nucleus accumbens

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16
Q

what is the striatum made up of, and what are their functions

A

the striatum is made up of the caudate and putamen

caudate: voluntary movement and goal directed action
putamen: motor skill and reinforcement learning

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17
Q

what is the function of globus pallidus of the basal ganglia?

A

regulation of voluntary movements

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18
Q

what are the functions of the nucleus accumbens of the basal ganglia?

A

aversion
motivation
pleasure
reward

19
Q

what part of the brain is responsible for episodic long term memory?

A

amygdala and hippocampus

20
Q

what are the functions of the amygdala?

A

emotions including fear

episodic long term memory

21
Q

what are the functions of the hippocampus?

A

spatial navigation

episodic long term memory

22
Q

calcarine sulcus

A

located on the caudal end of the medial surface of brain

23
Q

gyri

A

ridges in cortex

24
Q

precentral gyri is to_____ and postcentral gyri is to

A

precentral gyri is to primary motor cortex and postcentral gyri is to somatosensory cortex

precentral gyri projects onto the alpha motor neurons and post central gyri receives info from somatosensory thalamic nuclei

25
commissures
connections between hemispheres
26
what are the 3 commissures?
corpus callosum fornix anterior commissure
27
layer 4
primary receiving layer | thicker in sensory cortex
28
layer 2,3,5,6
sending layer | thicker in motor cortex
29
in the cytoarchitecture, which stain will show the individual neurons?
Golgi stains
30
in the cytoarchitecture, which stain will show the cell bodies?
Nissl stains
31
in the cytoarchitecture, which stain will show the axons and dendrites, but not the cell bodies?
Weigert stain
32
What are commissures made of?
white matter
33
Where are the cell bodies of the autonomic and somatic divisions?
autonomic is outside the central nervous system, and somatic is in the central nervous system. Autonomic nervous system has pre and post ganglionic cells
34
Which lobe is the cuneus located in?
occipital lobe
35
Which lobe is the calcarine sulcus a part of?
occipital lobe
36
define cytoarchitecture
thickness of cell layers in the brain
37
what is the numerical meaning of Broddman's area?
numbers are based on the order they were found in, so there's no actual value in the numbers itself
38
circle of WIlis
allows blood to flow through midline of brain if an artery of one side has been occluded
39
connectomics
study of connectomes
40
define connectome
the "wiring diagram" of the brain; a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain
41
how does connectomics work?
uses diffusion tensor/spectrum imaging and use MRI to measure diffusion molecules in the brain. it also uses tractography where it uses DTI and DSI to trace out connections in the brain
42
Diffusion Tensor/Spectrum Imaging (DTI and DSI)
- measure strength and direction of diffusion - water molecules diffuse over time - in neurons, diffusion tends to occur along the length of the axons/dendrites
43
tractography
- uses DTI /DSI data - follows direction of diffusion through the brain - traces out "tracts" connecting brain areas
44
where are cranial nerves located?
brainstem