Topic 2 Brains pt 2 Flashcards
the forebrain is the _____ and ______
telencephalon and diencephalon
what is the telencephalon made up of?
cerebral cortex
hippocampus
basal ganglia
what is the diencephalon made up of?
thalamus
hypothalamus
the midbrain is the ____
mesencephalon
what is the mesencephalon made up of?
superior colliculus
inferior colliculus
motor nuclei
substantia nigra
what is the hindbrain made up of?
metencephalon and myencephalon
what is the metencephalon made up of ?
pons and cerebellum
what is the myencephalon made up of?
medulla
what are the parts of the brain that makes up the brain stem?
superior colliculus inferior colliculus motor nuclei pons medulla
Do cranial nerves have both afferent and efferent signals?
yes
what parts of the brain make up the subcortical structures? (6 points)
hippocampus basal ganglia hypothalamus thalamus cerebellum amygdala
what are the functions of the cerebellum? (5 points)
balance posture equilibrium coordination motor control
what are the functions of the hypothalamus (5 points)
hormone release body temperature hunger thirst sleep
what are the functions of the thalamus (3 points)
sensory motor hub and relay
lateral geniculate nucleus: visual relay
medial geniculate nucleus: auditory relay
what are the 4 parts of the basal ganglia
caudate
putamen
globus pallidus
nucleus accumbens
what is the striatum made up of, and what are their functions
the striatum is made up of the caudate and putamen
caudate: voluntary movement and goal directed action
putamen: motor skill and reinforcement learning
what is the function of globus pallidus of the basal ganglia?
regulation of voluntary movements
what are the functions of the nucleus accumbens of the basal ganglia?
aversion
motivation
pleasure
reward
what part of the brain is responsible for episodic long term memory?
amygdala and hippocampus
what are the functions of the amygdala?
emotions including fear
episodic long term memory
what are the functions of the hippocampus?
spatial navigation
episodic long term memory
calcarine sulcus
located on the caudal end of the medial surface of brain
gyri
ridges in cortex
precentral gyri is to_____ and postcentral gyri is to
precentral gyri is to primary motor cortex and postcentral gyri is to somatosensory cortex
precentral gyri projects onto the alpha motor neurons and post central gyri receives info from somatosensory thalamic nuclei
commissures
connections between hemispheres
what are the 3 commissures?
corpus callosum
fornix
anterior commissure
layer 4
primary receiving layer
thicker in sensory cortex
layer 2,3,5,6
sending layer
thicker in motor cortex
in the cytoarchitecture, which stain will show the individual neurons?
Golgi stains
in the cytoarchitecture, which stain will show the cell bodies?
Nissl stains
in the cytoarchitecture, which stain will show the axons and dendrites, but not the cell bodies?
Weigert stain
What are commissures made of?
white matter
Where are the cell bodies of the autonomic and somatic divisions?
autonomic is outside the central nervous system, and somatic is in the central nervous system. Autonomic nervous system has pre and post ganglionic cells
Which lobe is the cuneus located in?
occipital lobe
Which lobe is the calcarine sulcus a part of?
occipital lobe
define cytoarchitecture
thickness of cell layers in the brain
what is the numerical meaning of Broddman’s area?
numbers are based on the order they were found in, so there’s no actual value in the numbers itself
circle of WIlis
allows blood to flow through midline of brain if an artery of one side has been occluded
connectomics
study of connectomes
define connectome
the “wiring diagram” of the brain; a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain
how does connectomics work?
uses diffusion tensor/spectrum imaging and use MRI to measure diffusion molecules in the brain.
it also uses tractography where it uses DTI and DSI to trace out connections in the brain
Diffusion Tensor/Spectrum Imaging (DTI and DSI)
- measure strength and direction of diffusion
- water molecules diffuse over time
- in neurons, diffusion tends to occur along the length of the axons/dendrites
tractography
- uses DTI /DSI data
- follows direction of diffusion through the brain
- traces out “tracts” connecting brain areas
where are cranial nerves located?
brainstem
