Topic 2 Brains pt 2

Question 1

the forebrain is the _____ and ______

Answer 1

telencephalon and diencephalon

Question 2

what is the telencephalon made up of?

Answer 2

cerebral cortex
hippocampus
basal ganglia

Question 3

what is the diencephalon made up of?

Answer 3

thalamus

hypothalamus

Question 4

the midbrain is the ____

Answer 4

mesencephalon

Question 5

what is the mesencephalon made up of?

Answer 5

superior colliculus
inferior colliculus
motor nuclei
substantia nigra

Question 6

what is the hindbrain made up of?

Answer 6

metencephalon and myencephalon

Question 7

what is the metencephalon made up of ?

Answer 7

pons and cerebellum

Question 8

what is the myencephalon made up of?

Answer 8

medulla

Question 9

what are the parts of the brain that makes up the brain stem?

Answer 9

superior colliculus
inferior colliculus
motor nuclei
pons
medulla

Question 10

Do cranial nerves have both afferent and efferent signals?

Answer 10

yes

Question 11

what parts of the brain make up the subcortical structures? (6 points)

Answer 11

hippocampus 
basal ganglia
hypothalamus 
thalamus
cerebellum
amygdala

Question 12

what are the functions of the cerebellum? (5 points)

Answer 12

balance
posture 
equilibrium 
coordination 
motor control

Question 13

what are the functions of the hypothalamus (5 points)

Answer 13

hormone release 
body temperature 
hunger 
thirst
sleep

Question 14

what are the functions of the thalamus (3 points)

Answer 14

sensory motor hub and relay
lateral geniculate nucleus: visual relay
medial geniculate nucleus: auditory relay

Question 15

what are the 4 parts of the basal ganglia

Answer 15

caudate
putamen
globus pallidus
nucleus accumbens

Question 16

what is the striatum made up of, and what are their functions

Answer 16

the striatum is made up of the caudate and putamen

caudate: voluntary movement and goal directed action
putamen: motor skill and reinforcement learning

Question 17

what is the function of globus pallidus of the basal ganglia?

Answer 17

regulation of voluntary movements

Question 18

what are the functions of the nucleus accumbens of the basal ganglia?

Answer 18

aversion
motivation
pleasure
reward

Question 19

what part of the brain is responsible for episodic long term memory?

Answer 19

amygdala and hippocampus

Question 20

what are the functions of the amygdala?

Answer 20

emotions including fear

episodic long term memory

Question 21

what are the functions of the hippocampus?

Answer 21

spatial navigation

episodic long term memory

Question 22

calcarine sulcus

Answer 22

located on the caudal end of the medial surface of brain

Question 23

gyri

Answer 23

ridges in cortex

Question 24

precentral gyri is to_____ and postcentral gyri is to

Answer 24

precentral gyri is to primary motor cortex and postcentral gyri is to somatosensory cortex

precentral gyri projects onto the alpha motor neurons and post central gyri receives info from somatosensory thalamic nuclei

Question 25

commissures

Answer 25

connections between hemispheres

Question 26

what are the 3 commissures?

Answer 26

corpus callosum
fornix
anterior commissure

Question 27

layer 4

Answer 27

primary receiving layer

thicker in sensory cortex

Question 28

layer 2,3,5,6

Answer 28

sending layer

thicker in motor cortex

Question 29

in the cytoarchitecture, which stain will show the individual neurons?

Answer 29

Golgi stains

Question 30

in the cytoarchitecture, which stain will show the cell bodies?

Answer 30

Nissl stains

Question 31

in the cytoarchitecture, which stain will show the axons and dendrites, but not the cell bodies?

Answer 31

Weigert stain

Question 32

What are commissures made of?

Answer 32

white matter

Question 33

Where are the cell bodies of the autonomic and somatic divisions?

Answer 33

autonomic is outside the central nervous system, and somatic is in the central nervous system. Autonomic nervous system has pre and post ganglionic cells

Question 34

Which lobe is the cuneus located in?

Answer 34

occipital lobe

Question 35

Which lobe is the calcarine sulcus a part of?

Answer 35

occipital lobe

Question 36

define cytoarchitecture

Answer 36

thickness of cell layers in the brain

Question 37

what is the numerical meaning of Broddman’s area?

Answer 37

numbers are based on the order they were found in, so there’s no actual value in the numbers itself

Question 38

circle of WIlis

Answer 38

allows blood to flow through midline of brain if an artery of one side has been occluded

Question 39

connectomics

Answer 39

study of connectomes

Question 40

define connectome

Answer 40

the “wiring diagram” of the brain; a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain

Question 41

how does connectomics work?

Answer 41

uses diffusion tensor/spectrum imaging and use MRI to measure diffusion molecules in the brain.
it also uses tractography where it uses DTI and DSI to trace out connections in the brain

Question 42

Diffusion Tensor/Spectrum Imaging (DTI and DSI)

Answer 42

• measure strength and direction of diffusion
• water molecules diffuse over time
• in neurons, diffusion tends to occur along the length of the axons/dendrites

Question 43

tractography

Answer 43

• uses DTI /DSI data
• follows direction of diffusion through the brain
• traces out “tracts” connecting brain areas

Question 44

where are cranial nerves located?

Answer 44

brainstem