Chapter 2 Flashcards
Mesencephalon
midbrain
Prosencephalon
forebrain
Rhombencephalon
hindbrain (medulla oblongata and pons)
What is telencephalon made up of
cerebral hemispheres (cerebral cortex, subcortical white matter, basal ganglia, basal forebrain nuclei)
What is diencephalon made up of
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
What is mesencephalon made up of
cerebral peduncle
midbrain tectum
midbrain tegmentum
What is metecephalon made up of
pons and cerebellum
What is myelencephalon made up of
medulla
The peripheral nervous system has 2 components. What are they
somatic and autonomic nervous system
when you touch a hot plate and quickly withdraw, which system are you using?
somatic nervous system of the peripheral nervous system
the autonomic nervous system is divided into 2 subdivisions. What are they
sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous system
stem cells
undifferentiated cells that are able to differentiate into several cell types
The sensory neuron of the upper gray matter lie in two separate columns. What are they
somatic and visceral
somatic: somatic sensory neurons take input mostly from the skin, skeletal mm, and joints
visceral: visceral sensory neurons take input from internal organs. Visceral sensory allows us to regulate internal state of organism: eg, temperature, pain, inflammatory, fatigue,
central pattern generator
ability to generate movement activity spontaneously
what is the most posterior region of the brain
brainstem
what is the brainstem composed of?
medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
what is the brainstem’s most caudal structure ?
medulla oblongata
what forms the hindbrain?
medulla oblongata and pons
what is the function of the medulla oblongata?
involuntary actions such as breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate
the pons relay signals between the ____ and the _____
cerebrum and cerebellum
what are the pons involved with?
The pons are involuved with breathing, sleeping, swallowing, bladder control, eye movements, facial expressions, hearing, and posture
hindbrain circuits also act as ________ for the _____ and _______
Hindbrain circuits also act as central pattern generators for the head and upper body
which area of the midbrain is involved in locating visual stimuli in space? p. 53
superior colliculus
an example of a command generator is the midbrain locomotor region. What is the midbrain locomotor region?
it is a set of nuclei in the midbrain responsible for initiating locomotor movements
Why is the command generator in the midbrain?
Placing the command generator in the midbrain allows us to take inputs from both the visual and auditory stimuli, startle reflex, and anterior brain areas responsible for movement
what is the anteriormost structure of the CNS p 51
cerebrum
humans have how many pairs of cranial nerves?
Humans have 12 pairs of cranial nerves
the ______ plays a central role in regulating state of consciousness
reticular formation
true or false: all cranial nerves emerge from the brainstem
false: all cranial nerves emerge from the brainstem except for I and II. I and II emerge from the cerebrum itself
what does the forward model of the cerebellum do?
makes predictions of sensory outcome of the motor command. Allows us to use past experiences to make future predictions.
aside form coordination and balance, what else does the cerebellum help with?
language, memory, and attention
the ______ is the largest part of the human brain p 61
cerebral cortex: reading, speaking, planning goals for the future
divides cerebral cortex into left and right hemispheres
longitudinal fissure, a large midsaggital sulcus
function of corpus callosum
allows left and right hemispheres to communicate with each other
