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COMPARATIVE ANATOMY LEC > TOPIC 6 - CIRCULATORY SYSTEM > Flashcards

TOPIC 6 - CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

A

Heart

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2
Q

Heart is situated in ?

A

Mediastinum between left & right lungs

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3
Q

Channels through which blood blows and distributes throughout the body.

A

Blood vessels

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4
Q

A circulatory fluid within the cardiovascular system.

A

Blood

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5
Q

Outer layer of heart

A

Epicardium

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6
Q

Inner layer of heart

A

Endocardium

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7
Q

Middle layer of heart

A

Myocardium

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8
Q

Chamber of heart that forms the apex

A

Left ventricle

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9
Q

What is the largest cardiac valve?

A

Left ventricle

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10
Q

2nd largest cardiac valve

A

Right ventricle

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11
Q

4th largest cardiac valve

A

Right atrium

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12
Q

3rd largest cardiac valve

A

Left atrium

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13
Q

Valves situated between atrium and left ventricle

A

AV valves

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14
Q

Valve situated between right atrium and right ventricle

A

Right AV/Tricuspid valve

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15
Q

Valve situated between left atrium and left ventricle

A

Left AV/Mitral/Bicuspid valve

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16
Q

Which of the following valves resemble the bishop’s miter?

A

Left AV/Mitral/Bicuspid valve

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17
Q

These are half-moon shaped valves.

A

Semilunar valves

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18
Q

Valve situated between left ventricle and aorta

A

Aortic valve

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19
Q

Valve situated between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

A

Pulmonic valve

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20
Q

Pointed portion of heart directed caudally

A

Apex

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21
Q

Wide portion of the heart directed cranially

A

Base

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22
Q

Ear-like appendages attached to right atrium and left atrium

A

Auricles

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23
Q

Supporting structure of left and right AV valves and is cord-like

A

Chordae tendinae

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24
Q

Chordae tendinae is attached to ?

A

Papillary muscles

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25
Q

Papillary muscles is situated inside of ?

A

Left and right ventricles

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26
Q

Vein and artery that supplies blood to the heart

A

Coronary blood vessels

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27
Q

Passageway of deoxygenated blood from coronary veins

A

Coronary sinus

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28
Q

The heart extends _____ on the left side under the _____ rib.

A

3/5’s, 6th

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29
Q

On an average, the heart weighs about _____ percent of the total body weight.

A

0.7

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30
Q

The apex of heart in this animal is handsbreadth above olecranon.

A

Horse

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31
Q

In horse, the base of heart lies between ____ and ____ on a level with ____ rib cartilage.

A

3rd; 6th; 16th

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32
Q

Venous blood is carried to the sinus venous of the right atrium by? (Hint: 3 answers)

A
  1. Cranial and caudal vena cava
  2. Vena azygos
  3. Right and left coronary veins
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33
Q

Trace the flow of blood starting from venous return in heart.

A

Right atrium -> Tricuspid valve -> Right ventricle -> Pulmonary valve -> Pulmonary artery -> Lungs -> Pulmonary vein -> Left atrium -> Bicuspid valve -> Left ventricle -> Aortic valve -> Aorta -> Systemic circulation

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34
Q

The weight of the heart of the horse is approximately ?

A

100 lbs

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35
Q

Between the cranial and caudal border of heart of horse, which is first convex then become concave ?

A

Caudal border

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36
Q

Between the cranial and caudal border of heart of horse, which is purely convex ?

A

Cranial border

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37
Q

This animal has very fatty heart and has two bones.

A

Ox/cattle

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38
Q

This animal’s heart is the most pointed among all domestic animals.

A

Sheep

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39
Q

This animal’s heart has double apex.

A

Pig

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40
Q

This animal’s heart’s apex is blunt and rounded, making the shape of heart ovoid.

A

Dog

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41
Q

Fibro-serous sac which completely encloses the heart

A

Pericardium

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42
Q

Outermost layer of pericardium

A

Fibrous layer

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43
Q

Inner/second layer of pericardium

A

Serous layer

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44
Q

The visceral surface of serous layer of pericardium faces ?

A

Heart’s epicardium

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45
Q

The parietal surface of serous layer of pericardium faces ?

A

Fibrous pericardium

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46
Q

Between fibrous and serous layer, which layer does heart makes an invagination ?

A

Serous layer

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47
Q

The invagination made by heart in serous layer of pericardium contains fluid called ?

A

Pericardial fluid/Liquor pericardiii

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48
Q

Pericardial fluid can be found in between of ?

A

Parietal and visceral pericardium

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49
Q

Pericardium is referred to as epicardium. True or False?

A

True

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50
Q

Blood vessels that transport blood that is mostly O2-enated away from the heart

A

Artery & arterioles

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51
Q

3 arteries that doesn’t supply O2-rich blood

A
  1. Pulmonary artery
  2. Omphalomesenteric artery
  3. Umbilical artery
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52
Q

Blood vessels that transport blood (mostly deoxygenated) toward the
heart.

A

Veins and venules

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53
Q

3 veins that doesn’t supply deoxygenated blood

A
  1. Pulmonic vein
  2. Omphalomesenteric vein
  3. Umbilical vein
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54
Q

Microscopic to small blood vessels serving as site for
exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products
between tissues and circulation

A

Capillaries

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55
Q

Inner layer of blood vessels containing endothelial cells.

A

Tunica intima

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56
Q

Middle layer of blood vessels containing smooth muscles.

A

Tunica media

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57
Q

Outermost layer of blood vessels containing connective tissues

A

Tunica adventitia

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58
Q

What are the solid components of blood ?

A
  1. RBC
  2. WBC
  3. Platelets
  4. Lymphocytes
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59
Q

Biconcave discs which contain O2-carrying
molecule

A

RBC

60
Q

Trace the RBC formation/erythropoiesis

A
  1. Proerythroblast
  2. Basophilic erythroblast
  3. Polychromatophilic
  4. Orthochromatophilic
  5. Reticulocytes
  6. Matured RBC
61
Q

Last stage in the RBC development that is nucleated

A

Orthochromatophilic

62
Q

Stage in RBC development that is indicator of regenerative anemia.

A

Reticulocytes

63
Q

Serves as soldiers of body capable of fighting infections

A

WBC

64
Q

Counterpart of neutrophils in avian

A

Heterophils

65
Q

Type of granulocytes that has presence of hypersegmented or multi-lobed nucleus

A

Neutrophils

66
Q

Neutrophils increase when there is _____ infection and decrease when there is _____ infection.

A

bacterial, viral

67
Q

Type of granulocytes that has bilobed nucleus

A

Eosinophils

68
Q

Eosinophils increase when there is _____ infection.

A

parasitic

69
Q

Type of granulocytes that has unilobed to bilobed nucleus

A

Basophil

70
Q

Basophil increases when there is ____ reaction.

A

allergic

71
Q

Type of agranulocytes that is bean-shaped and can transform into a cell capable of phagocytosis

A

Monocytes

72
Q

Monocytes can turn into three types of macrophage. What are these?

A
  1. Epithelioid macrophages
  2. Resident/fixed macrophages
  3. Mobile macrophages
73
Q

Between mobile, epithelioid, and fixed macrophages, which is highly phagocytic?

A

Mobile macrophages

74
Q

Between mobile, epithelioid, and fixed macrophages, which can form into multi-nucleated giant cell ?

A

Epithelioid macrophages

75
Q

Types of giant cell

A
  1. Touton
  2. Langhans
  3. Foreign body
76
Q

Resident macrophages of kidney

A

Extraglomerular mesongial cells

77
Q

Resident macrophages of skin

A

Histiocytes

78
Q

Resident macrophages of brain

A

Microglia

79
Q

Resident macrophages of lungs

A

Alveolar macrophages

80
Q

Resident macrophages of small intestine

A

Peyer’s patches

81
Q

Resident macrophages of liver

A

Vonn Kupffer cells

82
Q

Lymphocytes produced in thymus

A

T-cells

83
Q

Lymphocytes produced from Bursa and bone marrow

A

B-cells

84
Q

Between T-cells and B-cells, which produces memory cells and immunoglobulins?

A

B-cells

85
Q

Infectious bursa disease/Gumboro virus occurs because there is not enough T-cell. True or False?

A

False, B-cell.

86
Q

Largest antibody containing 5-sided structure which is responsible for primary responses

A

IgM

87
Q

Most common antibody and can be found in colostrum; 2nd response

A

IgG

88
Q

Antibody that is monomer in serum but dimer in secretion (tears, saliva, milk, bile, mucuous, etc.)

A

IgA

89
Q

Antibody that increases when there is allergic or parasitic infection

A

IgE

90
Q

Poorly understood antibody; antigen receptor to antibody esp. in IgG

A

IgD

91
Q

Highest secretion of IgG can be found in what animal ?

A

Cow

92
Q

Between plasma and serum, which has clotting factors ?

A

Plasma

93
Q

Remnants of bone marrow megakaryocytes capable of forming a plug and play a role in clotting mechanisms

A

Platelets

94
Q

Other term for clotting factor # 1

A

Fibrinogen

95
Q

Other term for clotting factor # 2

A

Prothrombin

96
Q

Other term for clotting factor # 3

A

Thromboplastin

97
Q

Other term for clotting factor # 4

A

Calcium

98
Q

Other term for clotting factor # 5

A

Proaccelerin (heat-labile)

99
Q

Other term for clotting factor # 7

A

Proconvertin (heat-stable)

100
Q

Other term for clotting factor # 8

A

Anti-hemophilic globulin/Anti-hemophilic factor A

101
Q

Other term for clotting factor # 9

A

Plasma thrombloplastin component/Xmas Factor/AHF B

102
Q

Other term for clotting factor # 10

A

Stuart power factor

103
Q

Other term for clotting factor # 11

A

Plasma thromboplastin antecedent/AHF C

104
Q

Other term for clotting factor # 12

A

Hageman factor

105
Q

Other term for clotting factor # 13

A

Fibrin-stabilizing factor

106
Q

2 main branches of aorta

A

Thoracic and abdominal aorta

107
Q

Point of demarcation of thoracic and abdominal aorta

A

Diaphragm

108
Q

Outline of important blood vessels: Brachiocephalic trunk branches into ? (trace the branching)

A

Axillary - Musculocutaneous - Brachial - Radial - Medial - Ulnar - Digital

109
Q

What are the 2 branches of carotid artery ?

A

Internal and external carotid artery

110
Q

Branch of carotid artery supplying the internal head structures

A

Internal carotid artery

111
Q

Branch of carotid artery supplying the outer head structures

A

External carotid artery

112
Q

Outline of important blood vessels: External carotid branches into artery branches into ?

A
  1. Auricular
  2. Palpebral
  3. Facial
  4. Dorsal nasal
  5. Lingual
113
Q

Outline of important blood vessels: Subclavian artery supplies blood to the branches of ? (Hint: 3 answers)

A
  1. Vertebral
  2. Cervical
  3. Thoracic
114
Q

Outline of important blood vessels: Thoracic aorta branches into? (Hint: 5 answers)

A
  1. Coeliac artery (stomach, liver, spleen)
  2. Cranial mesenteric (small intestine)
  3. Renal (kidney)
  4. Gonadal (testicular/ovarian)
  5. Caudal mesenteric (large intestine)
115
Q

Outline of important blood vessels: Two branches of iliac artery

A

Internal and external iliac artery

116
Q

Outline of important blood vessels: External iliac artery branches into ? (Hint: 4 answers)

A
  1. Femoral
  2. Popliteal (knee region)
  3. Cranial and caudal tibial (leg region)
  4. Digital
117
Q

Outline of important blood vessels: Last branch of thoracic aorta

A

Caudal artery

118
Q

What is the main systematic arterial trunk?

A

Aorta

119
Q

Subdivisions of aorta

A
  1. Ascending aorta
  2. Aortic arch
  3. Descending aorta
120
Q

Ascending aorta of thoracic aorta arises from ____ ventricle; ends by becoming ____ ____ after giving off ____ ____.

A

left; aortic arch; coronary arteries

121
Q

What are the branches of ascending aorta of thoracic aorta ?

A
  1. Right coronary
  2. Left coronary
122
Q

Aortic arch of thoracic aorta begins after origin of ____ ____; ends when vessel comes into contact with ____ ____.

A

coronary arteries; vertebral column

123
Q

What are the branches of aortic arch (of thoracic aorta)?

A
  1. Brachiocephalic
  2. Left subclavian
124
Q

Descending aorta of thoracic aorta arises as continuation of aortic arch and ends by becoming abdominal aorta at ____ ____.

A

aortic hiatus

125
Q

What are the branches of descending aorta (of thoracic aorta)?

A
  1. 9/10 intercostals
  2. 2/3 bronchials
  3. 2/3 esophageals
126
Q

Abdominal aorta arises as continuation of thoracic aorta at aortic hiatus and ends at ____ lumbar vertebra by dividing into two ____ ____, two ____ ____ and a middle ____.

A

7th; internal iliacs; external iliacs; sacral

127
Q

What are the branches of abdominal aorta?

A
  1. Phrenics
  2. Coeliac (gastric, hepatic, splenic)
  3. Cranial mesenteric
  4. Renal
  5. Gonadal
  6. Caudal mesenteric
  7. Common iliac
  8. External iliac
  9. Internal iliac
128
Q

Brachiocephalic arises from aortic arch in the ____ planes and passes to ____ inlet ventral to ____; ends by dividing into ____ ____ and ____ ____ ____.

A

median; thoracic; right subclavian; right common carotid

129
Q

What are the branches of brachiocephalic ?

A
  1. Left common carotid
  2. Right subclavian
  3. Right common carotid
130
Q

The right and left common carotids arise from brachiocephalic. In neck. right lies on ____, left on ____. Both vessels end under ____ of ____.

A

trachea; esophagus; wing of atlas

131
Q

What are the branches of common carotid?

A
  1. External carotid
  2. Internal carotid
  3. Thyroid
  4. Pharyngeal
  5. Lingual
  6. Occipital
132
Q

Left subclavian arises from ____ ____. Right subclavian arises from _____. Ends at level of ____ rib by becoming _____.

A

aortic arch; brachiocephalic; 1st; axillary

133
Q

What are the branches of subclavian artery?

A
  1. Vertebral
  2. Costo-cervical trunk
  3. Thyro-cervical trunk
  4. Internal thoracic
134
Q

Subscapular arises from ____ and passes between _____ and _____ _____ muscles. Ends by supplying ?

A

axillary; subscapular; teres major

ends by supplying:
1. supraspinatus
2. deltoideus
3. trapezius
4. brachiocephalic muscles

135
Q

What are the branches of subscapular artery?

A
  1. Anterior/cranial circumflex humeral
  2. Posterior/caudal cirumflex humeral
  3. Thoracodorsal
  4. Circumflex scapular
136
Q

Brachial artery arise as continuation of axillary at distal border of ____ ____. Ends by becoming median under _____ _____ _____.

A

teres major; pronator teres muscle

137
Q

What are the branches of brachial artery ?

A
  1. Deep brachial/brachial
  2. Collateral ulnar (proximal)
  3. Collateral proximal radial
  4. Collateral distal radial
  5. Median
138
Q

Femoral artery arises as continuation of ____ _____ in ____ _____. Ends by becoming _____ between heads of ______.

A

external iliac; femoral triangle; popliteal; gastrocnemius

139
Q

What are the branches of femoral artery?

A
  1. Common femoral
  2. Profunda femoris
  3. Superficial femoral
  4. Popliteal
140
Q

Popliteal artery arises as continuation of _____ between heads of _____. Ends on a level with _____-_____ joint by dividing into ?

A

femoral; gastrocnemius; femoro-tibial

by dividing into:
1. Anterior tibial
2. Posterior tibial
3. Peroneal

141
Q

Vein that drains almost all of blood from abdomen, pelvis, and pelvic limbs.

A

Caudal vena cava

142
Q

Caudal vena cava is formed by confluence of right and left ____ ____ ____ at ____ lumbar vertebra. Opens into _____ part of _____ atrium.

A

common iliac veins; 7th; posterior; right

143
Q

What are the tributaries of caudal vena cava?

A

(1) Common iliac
(2) Lumbars
(3) Deep circumflex iliacs
(4) Internal spermatic (testicular or ovarian)
(5) Renal
(6) Phrenico-abdominals
(7) Hepatic (right, middle, left)
(8) Phrenic

144
Q

Vein that drains intestines, stomach, spleen, & pancreas. Formed ventral to and to the right of origin of ____ ____ by confluence of two main venous trunks: ?
Ends by entering the ?

A

coeliac artery;

two main venous trunks:
(1) splenic and gastric veins
(2) cranial and caudal mesenteric veins

ends by entering the:
porta of liver

145
Q

What are the tributaries of portal vein?

A
  1. Pancreatics
  2. Gastroduodenal (gastric & mesenteric)
146
Q

Azygous veins drains greater part of chest wall. Arises as unpaired vessels by union of ____ and ____ lumbar veins and passes into thorax along vertebral bodies. Ends by curving towards heart at _____ thoracic vertebra and opening into _____ _____ _____ or _____ _____.

A

1st and 2nd;

ends by:
6th; cranial vena cava; right atrium

147
Q

What are the tributaries of azygous vein?

A

(1) Dorsal intercostals
(2) Vena hemiazygos
(3) Oesopageal vein
(4) Bronchial vein
(5) Left and right intercostal veins

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY LEC (10 decks)

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