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COMPARATIVE ANATOMY LEC > TOPIC 5 - RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (GENERAL + COMPARATIVE) > Flashcards

TOPIC 5 - RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (GENERAL + COMPARATIVE) Flashcards

1
Q

It is made up of parts responsible for respiration, phonation, and olfaction.

A

Respiratory system

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2
Q

A cylindrical passage enclosed by all the bones of the face.

A

Nasal cavity

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3
Q

Nasal cavity opens externally at ____ or ____ ____ and communicate with the upper pharynx through the ____ ____ or ____

A

nostril or external nares, posterior nares or choanae

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4
Q

Nasal cavity is bounded rostrally by? dorsally by ? laterally by? ventrally by ? caudally by?

A

Rostrally: anterior nares
Dorsally: nasal bone
Laterally: premaxilla and maxilla
Ventrally: palatine
Caudally: posterior nares

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5
Q

What separates the nasal cavity into left and right?

A

Nasal septum

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6
Q

What is the bony basis of nasal septum?

A

Vomer

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7
Q

What is the type of cartilage present in nasal septum?

A

Elastic cartilage

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8
Q

What are the two turbinates/conchae of nasal cavity?

A
  1. Dorsal nasal conchae
  2. Ventral nasal conchae
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9
Q

Other term for dorsal nasal conchae

A

Ethmoturbinates

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10
Q

Other term for ventral nasal conchae

A

Maxilloturbinates

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11
Q

What are 4 air spaces/meatuses of nasal cavity?

A
  1. Superior nasal meatus
  2. Middle nasal meatus
  3. Inferior nasal meatus
  4. Common nasal meatus
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12
Q

Superior nasal meatus is situated at?

A

Above dorsal nasal conchae

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13
Q

Middle nasal meatus is situated at?

A

Between dorsal and ventral conchae

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14
Q

Inferior nasal meatus is situated at?

A

Below ventral nasal conchae

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15
Q

Among the 4 air spaces of nasal cavity, which is the only direct passage between the nostril and the pharynx?

A

Inferior nasal meatus

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16
Q

Among the 4 air spaces of nasal cavity, which is the main passageway of air from nostril to the choanae?

A

Inferior nasal meatus

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17
Q

Common nasal meatus is situated at?

A

Situated between the nasal septum and turbinate bones

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18
Q

Nasal cavity is innervated by what nerve?

A

CN#1 - Olfactory nerve

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19
Q

It is the common passageway of digestive and respiratory tract.

A

Pharynx

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20
Q

What are the 3 apertures of pharynx?

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Larngopharynx
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21
Q

In pharynx, it serves as a common passageway of food, water, and air.

A

Pharyngeal proper

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22
Q

It is a cartilaginous valvular apparatus which is located between the pharynx and trachea.

A

Larynx

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23
Q

What are the 3 functions of larynx?

A
  1. To regulate air volume in respiration
  2. To prevent aspiration of foreign bodies
  3. To act as the organ of voice
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24
Q

How many cartilages make up the larynx?

A

9

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25
Q

What are three paired cartilages of larynx?

A
  1. Arytenoids
  2. Curniculates
  3. Cuneiforms
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26
Q

What are the 3 unpaired cartilages of larynx?

A
  1. Epiglottic cartilage
  2. Cricoid
  3. Thyroid
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27
Q

What do you call the slit or opening present in the proximal aspect of larynx?

A

Rima glottis

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28
Q

It covers the rima glottis during deglutition.

A

Epiglottis

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29
Q

What are the 4 divisions of larynx?

A
  1. Aditus
  2. Vestibule
  3. Rima glottides/rima glottis/rima
  4. Posterior compartment
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30
Q

A division of larynx considered as the entrance or pharyngeal aperture.

A

Aditus

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31
Q

Aditus is bounded in front by ? behind by ? laterally by?

A

In front/cranially: epiglottis
Behind/caudally: arytenoids
Laterally: Ary-epiglottis folds

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32
Q

In lateral aspect of vestibule, it has ?

A
  1. Ventricular folds
  2. Lateral ventricle which leads into laryngeal saccule
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33
Q

Rima glottis is bounded on either side/laterally by ?

A

Vocal cords

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34
Q

Among the 4 divisions of larynx, which is the most important for voice production?

A

Rima glottis

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35
Q

It provides vibration in voice production.

A

Rima glottis

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36
Q

A division of larynx that is continuous with trachea.

A

Posterior compartment

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37
Q

What are the 3 extrinsic muscle of larynx?

A
  1. Sternothyrohyoid
  2. Thyrohyoid
  3. Hyoepiglottic
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38
Q

What are the 6 intrinsic muscles of larynx?

A
  1. Cricothyroid
  2. Dorsal cricoarytenoid
  3. Lateral cricoarytenoid
  4. Transverse arytenoids
  5. Ventricular
  6. Vocal
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39
Q

Among the 6 intrinsic muscles of larynx, which is responsible for tensing the vocal cords?

A

Cricothyroid

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40
Q

Among the 6 intrinsic muscles of larynx, which is responsible for dilating the rima?

A

Dorsal cricoarytenoid

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41
Q

Among the 6 intrinsic muscles of larynx, its sole purpose is to close rima.

A

Lateral cricoarytenoid

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42
Q

Among the 6 intrinsic muscles of larynx, which is responsible for assisting the closing of rima?

A

Transverse arytenoids

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43
Q

Among the 6 intrinsic muscles of larynx, which is responsible for closing the rima and loosening vocal folds?

A
  1. Ventricular
  2. Vocal
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44
Q

It is a cartilaginous and membranous tube which extends from the larynx to the hilus of the lungs.

A

Trachea

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45
Q

The tracheal rings are composed of what type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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46
Q

What is the point of tracheal bifurcation?

A

Carina

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47
Q

Primary bronchi has rings. True or False?

A

True

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48
Q

Both bronchi and trachea are permanently patent. True or False?

A

True

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49
Q

What are the 5 concentric layers of trachea? (outermost to innermost)

A
  1. Fascia propria
  2. Cartilaginous ring
  3. Fibro-elastic layer
  4. Muscular layer
  5. Mucous membrane layer
50
Q

Bronchial cartilage is made up of what type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage

51
Q

Trace the extension of right and left primary bronchi.

A

Right and left primary brochi - secondary bronchi - tertiary bronchi - bronchioles - microscopic pulmonary alveoli

52
Q

Paired structures occupying the greater part of thoracic cavity.

A

Lungs

53
Q

What are the 4 surfaces of lungs and to what organs they face?

A
  1. Costal - ribs
  2. Mediastinal - heart
  3. Interlobar - lobes of the lungs
  4. Diaphragmatic - diaphragm
54
Q

What are the 2 borders of lungs and to what structures they face?

A
  1. Dorsal border - thoracic vertebrae
  2. Ventral border - sternum
55
Q

It is the wide portion of the lungs.

A

Base

56
Q

It is the pointed portion of the lungs.

A

Apex

57
Q

Why is right lung typically bigger than left lung?

A

Presence of accessory/intermediate lobe

58
Q

What are typical 4 lobes of lungs?

A
  1. Apical/cranial
  2. Cardia/middle
  3. Diaphragm/caudal
  4. Accessory/intermediate
59
Q

The root of the lung is composed of structure which
enter or leave the lung at the hilus on the mediastinal
surface. These are ?

A
  1. Bronchus
  2. Pulmonary artery
  3. Pulmonary veins
  4. Bronchial artery
  5. Pulmonary nerves
  6. Pulmonary lymph vessels
60
Q

This type of lung has well-developed secondary lobules.

A

Type 1

61
Q

Type 1 lung is present in what animals?

A

Cattle, sheep, goat, and pig

62
Q

This type of lung has no secondary lobules.

A

Type 2

63
Q

Type 2 lungs is present in what animals?

A

Monkey, dog, and cat

64
Q

This type of lungs has incompletely developed secondary lobules.

A

Type 3

65
Q

Type 3 lungs is present in what animals?

A

Horse

66
Q

Between normal and fetal lung, which does not crepitates?

A

Fetal lung

67
Q

NORMAL LUNG:SINKS::FETAL LUNG:FLOATS

Correct or wrong?

A

Wrong

68
Q

What is the color of normal lung?

A

Bright pink in color

69
Q

What is the color of fetal lung?

A

Pale gray color

70
Q

What is the texture of normal lung?

A

Soft and spongy

71
Q

What is the texture of fetal lung?

A

Firmer to touch

72
Q

This animal’s lung is not divided into lobes by deep fissures.

A

Horse

73
Q

Right lung of horse does not have intermediate lobe. True or False?

A

False

74
Q

The lungs of ox, sheep, pig, and dog are divided by deep fissures. True or False?

A

True

75
Q

The right lung of ox/sheep has intermediate lobe. True or False?

A

True

76
Q

The left lung of ox/sheep has 2 lobes. True or False?

A

False, 3.

77
Q

The apical lobe of right lung of ox/sheep receives ___ bronchus from trachea opposite ___ rib.

A

3rd, 3rd

78
Q

This animal’s left lung can be regarded as having only two lobes.

A

Pig

79
Q

In pigs, the apical and cardiac lobes are separated only by ?

A

Cardiac notch

80
Q

In pigs, the apical, cardiac, and diaphragmatic lobes are all separated by cardiac notch. True or False?

A

False, diaphragmatic lobe is marked off by a distinct fissure.

81
Q

This animal’s lung is divided into 4 lobes by very deep fissures which extend to the root.

A

Dog

82
Q

Mesothelial or serous lining of the thoracic cavity.

A

Pleura

83
Q

The counterpart of pleura in abdominal cavity is ?

A

Peritoneum

84
Q

How many pleuras are present in the body?

A

2 (right and left)

85
Q

The pleura are attached to the structures by which they cover by ____ ____.

A

subserous tissue

86
Q

In the case of parietal pleura which cover the thoracic walls, this subserous tissue is called ____ ____.

A

Endothoracic fascia

87
Q

What are the 3 lines of reflection of parietal pleura?

A
  1. Vertebral
  2. Sternal
  3. Diaphragmatic
88
Q

Line of reflection of parietal pleura where costal parietal pleura turns ventrally to become mediastinal pleura; thoracic vertebra dorsally.

A

Vertebral

89
Q

Line of reflection of parietal pleura where costal parietal pleura turns dorsally to become mediastinal pleura; sternum ventrally.

A

Sternal

90
Q

Line of reflection of parietal pleura where the parietal pleura is reflected
onto the diaphragm caudally.

A

Diaphragmatic

91
Q

It is the potential space in thoracic region.

A

Mediastinum

92
Q

What the 3 divisions of mediastinum?

A
  1. Precardial
  2. Cardial
  3. Postcardial
93
Q

The precardial mediastinum contains what body structures?

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Esophagus
  3. Blood vessels connecting heart with: head, neck,
    thoracic limbs
  4. Termination of thoracic duct
  5. Cardiac and phrenic nerves
  6. Vagus and sympathetic nerves
  7. Recurrent nerves
  8. Thymus
  9. Lymph glands
94
Q

The cardial mediastinum contains what body structures?

A
  1. Heart and pericardium
  2. Start of the arterial system and end of the
    venous system
  3. Esophagus
  4. Termination of trachea
  5. Thoracic duct
  6. Phrenic, cardiac and pulmonary nerves
  7. Vagus and sympathetic nerves
  8. Left recurrent nerve
95
Q

The postcardial mediastinum contains what body structures?

A
  1. Aorta
  2. Vena azygos
  3. Thoracic duct
  4. Esophagus
  5. Vagus and sympathetic nerves
  6. Left phrenic nerve
96
Q

This body structure separates thoracic from abdominal.

A

Diaphragm

97
Q

Diaphragm is expiratory muscle. True or False?

A

False, inspiratory.

98
Q

What are the 3 parts of diaphragm?

A
  1. Costal part
  2. Sternal part
  3. Lumbar part
99
Q

The costal part of diaphragm faces the cartilages of ribs ___, ___, and ___.

A

8th, 9th, and 10th

100
Q

Sternal part of diaphragm faces sternum at what specific part?

A

Upper part of the xiphoid

101
Q

Lumbar part of diaphragm is divided into two parts. What are those?

A
  1. Right crus
  2. Left crus
102
Q

The right crus of the lumbar part of diaphragm is situated at ___ to the ___ lumbar vertebrae by means of the ____ ____ ____.

A

1st, 5th, ventral longitudinal ligament

103
Q

The left crus of the lumbar part of diaphragm is situated at similarly to the ___ and ___ lumbar vertebra.

A

1st and 2nd

104
Q

What are the 3 foramina piercing the diaphragm?

A
  1. Aortic hiatus/hiatus aortus
  2. Esophageal hiatus/hiatus esophagii
  3. Caval foramen hiatus/hiatus vena cava
105
Q

The aortic hiatus of diaphragm transmits what body structures?

A
  1. Aorta
  2. Vena azygos
  3. Cisterna chyli
106
Q

The esophageal hiatus of diaphragm transmits what body structures?

A
  1. Esophagus
  2. Esophageal branch of gastric artery
  3. Vagus nerves
107
Q

The caval foramen hiatus of diaphragm transmits what body structures?

A

Vena cava

108
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the respiratory system in relation to immune defense?

A
  1. Conductive system
  2. Transitional system
  3. Gas exchange system
109
Q

This division of respiratory system extends from nasal cavity to bronchi.

A

Conductive system

110
Q

What is the main defense of conductive system?

A

Mucous production/mucous ciliary clearance

111
Q

The cilia in conductive system propels downward direction. True or False?

A

False, upward direction.

112
Q

Transitional system of respiratory systems involves what body structures?

A

Bronchioles to lungs

113
Q

What is the main defense of transitional system?

A

Clara cells (destroys retained particles)

114
Q

Gas exchange system of respiratory system involves what body structures?

A

Microscopic pulmonary alveoli in lungs

115
Q

What are the main defenses of gas exchange system?

A
  1. Alveolar macrophages
  2. Intravascular pulmonary macrophages
116
Q

The defense mechanism of respiratory system involves three main processes. What are those?

A
  1. Deposition
  2. Clearance
  3. Retention
117
Q

It is the process of defense mechanism where trapping of particles in upper and middle respiratory passages occur.

A

Deposition

118
Q

It is the process of defense mechanism where removal of trapped particles occur.

A

Clearance

119
Q

It is the process of defense mechanism involving the difference between deposited and cleared particles.

A

Retention

120
Q

Olfaction of respiratory system is made possible by?

A

Chemoreceptive cells of nasal epithelium

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY LEC (8 decks)

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