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COMPARATIVE ANATOMY LEC > TOPIC 1 - Introductory Lesson + GENERAL OSTEOLOGY > Flashcards

TOPIC 1 - Introductory Lesson + GENERAL OSTEOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

It is the similarities and differences between body parts of domestic animals.

A

Comparative anatomy

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2
Q

Deals with animal parts visible to naked eye (eyes, tongue, skin) and internal organs
(heart, lungs, kidneys, brain)

A

Veterinary Anatomy

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3
Q

Study of animal
tissues or parts invisible to the eye (e.g blood cells, hepatocytes – structural unit of liver, osteocytes – a bone cell, enterocytes – found in intestines)

A

Microscopic anatomy or histology

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4
Q

Subbranch of gross anatomy that deals with joints and articulation

A

Arthrology and syndesmology

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5
Q

Subbranch of gross anatomy that deals with cardiovascular or circulatory structures

A

Angiology

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5
Q

Subbranch of gross anatomy that deals with muscles

A

Myology

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6
Q

Subbranch of gross anatomy that deals with bones

A

Osteology

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7
Q

Subbranch of gross anatomy that deals with visceral organs =

A

Splanchnology

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8
Q

Subbranch of gross anatomy that deals with special senses

A

Aesthesiology

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9
Q

Subbranch of gross anatomy that deals with nervous structures

A

Neurology

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10
Q

Basic structural and functional unit of life capable of performing series of physical and chemical processes
necessary for survival

A

Cell

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11
Q

Physical, chemical and toxic insults to cell leads to cellular ___.

A

Cellular adaptation

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11
Q

Cellular adaptation marked by qualitative decrease in size.

A

Atrophy

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12
Q

Cellular adaptation marked by qualitative increase in size.

A

Hypertrophy

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13
Q

Cellular adaptation marked by quantitative increase in the number of cells in tissues or organ.

A

Hyperplasia

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14
Q

Cellular adaptation marked by transformation of one type of cell into
another (e.g. simple cuboidal cell into simple
columnar cell; from fibrous connective tissue to mucoid connective tissue, cartilage, or bone)

A

Metaplasia

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15
Q

Cellular adaptation marked by reversion of cell to primitive type or state; becomes undifferentiated; cell organelles decrease or
lost

A

Anaplasia

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16
Q

Cellular adaptation marked by abnormality in cell size, shape, and orientation.

A

Dysplasia

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17
Q

Cellular adaptation marked by atypical cellular structure and
increased mitotic figure. It is also the hallmark of tumors and cancers.

A

Neoplasia

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18
Q

Basic substances of protoplasm:

Principal fluid medium constituting
70 to 85% of cell mass

A

Water or H2O

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18
Q

Basic substances of protoplasm:

Most abundant substance next to water;
10 to 20% of cell mass

A

Proteins

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19
Q

Collective term for different substances that make up
the cell.

A

Protoplasm

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19
Q

Basic substances of protoplasm:

Little structural function but provide
most of nutritional requirements

A

Carbohydrates

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20
Q

Basic substances of protoplasm:

2% of cell mass

A

Lipids or fats

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20
Q

Basic substances of protoplasm:

Provide inorganic chemicals for cellular
reactions

A

Electrolytes

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21
Q

Type of protein that is fibular or filamentous.

A

Structural

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21
Q

Storage form of lipid in fat cells or adipose or abdominal fats.

A

Triglycerides

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22
Q

Type of protein that is composed of individual protein molecules; usually spherical

A

Globular

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23
Q

Simplest form of sugar carbohydrates for cellular metabolism and energy.

A

Glucose

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24
Q

Strongest form of carbohydrates, found in liver and skeletal muscles.

A

Glycogen

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25
Q

Give the 4 major cations.

A

Na+, K+, Ca+, Ma+

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26
Q

Give the 4 major anions.

A

Cl-, PO4-, SO4-, HCO3-

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27
Q

All cells in the body except germ cells.

A

Somatic cell

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28
Q

Other term for sex cells.

A

Germ cells/gametes

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28
Q

Somatic cell divides through ?

A

Mitosis

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29
Q

SOMATIC:HAPLOID::GAMETES:DIPLOID

Correct or wrong?

A

Wrong

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30
Q

Resting phase of cell cycle

A

Interphase

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31
Q

Phase after DNA synthesis and is ready to enter cell division

A

G2 pahse

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32
Q

Phase prior to DNA synthesis

A

G1 phase

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33
Q

Cell division phase marked by dissolution of nuclear membrane and condensation of nuclear materials.

A

Prophase

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34
Q

Actual DNA synthesis phase

A

S phase

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35
Q

Cell division phase marked by sister chromatids attachment to spindle fibers moving toward opposite poles.

A

Anaphase

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35
Q

Cell division phase marked by lining up of chromosomes along the equatorial plane.

A

Metaphase

36
Q

Cell division phase: Separated chromatids become chromosomes
of 2 daughter cells, and nucleolus and nuclear membrane
reappear.

A

Telophase

37
Q

Parts of typical cell:

Contains DNA

A

Nucleus and mitochondria

37
Q

Parts of typical cell:

Principal cell barrier regulating inflow and outflow of
cytoplasmic substances

A

Cell membrane

37
Q

Parts of typical cell:

Destroys foreign agents (esp in phagocytic
cells/cells capable of engulfing bacteria and viruses)

A

Lysosome and peroxisome

37
Q

Parts of typical cell:

Powerhouse of the cell

A

Mitochondria

37
Q

Parts of typical cell:

Responsible for protein synthesis intended for external use.

A

RER

38
Q

Parts of typical cell:

Responsible for lipid, steroid, and carbohydrate synthesis intended for external use.

A

SER

39
Q

Parts of typical cell:

  • Paired organelle located in centrosome
  • Helps in the formation and guides the spindle fiber
    during mitosis and meiosis
A

Centriole

39
Q

Parts of typical cell:

Packages secretory products of RER and SER prior to release out of the cell

A

Golgi apparatus

40
Q

Parts of typical cell:

Freely suspended in cytoplasm;
protein synthesis for INTERNAL USE

A

Free ribosomes

41
Q

Parts of typical cell:

  • Storage for nutrients, proteins, and pigment
  • More important in plant cell
A

Vacuole

42
Q

Nucleolus contains ___.

A

RNA

43
Q

Liquid portion of cytoplasm

A

Cytosol

43
Q

The organic framework of bones is composed of ?

Hint: It is made up of collagen and polysaccharide.

A

GAG/glycosaminoglycans

43
Q

Liquid portion of nucleus

A

Nuclear sap

43
Q

How many ATP’s are formed per Kreb Cycle?

A

36

44
Q

Is nuclear membrane porous?

A

Yes

44
Q

Lysosome secretes what enzymes?

A

Hydrolase

44
Q

Give some examples of phagocytic cells.

A

Mobile macrophages, neutrophil and eosinophil

44
Q

Peroxisome secretes what enzyme?

A

Oxidase

44
Q

Percentage of organic framework in the composition of bones.

A

1/3 - 30 to 35%

44
Q

Percentage of inorganic framework in the composition of bones.

A

2/3 - 65 to 70%

44
Q

20% of inorganic framework of bones is composed of?

A

CaCO3 (calcium carbonate) and MgPO4 (magnesium phosphate)

45
Q

80% of inorganic framework of bones is composed of?

A

CaPO4 (calcium phosphate)

46
Q

CaCO3 (calcium carbonate) and MgPO4 (magnesium phosphate) gives ___ and ___ to bones.

A

Hardness and rigidity

47
Q

GAG/ glucoseaminoglycan contains ___ ___.

A

Chondroitin sulfate

48
Q

Inner lining of bone

A

Endosteum

48
Q

Outer lining of bone

A

Periosteum

49
Q

Hard bone tissue between periosteum and endosteum

A

Compact bone

49
Q

Soft spongy bone

A

Cancellous bone

50
Q
  • Houses the bone marrow
  • Responsible for blood cell formation (PHSC –
    pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell)
A

Medullary cavity

50
Q

Lines epiphyseal ends

A

Articular cartilage

51
Q

Perforation or opening where nutrients enter into bone marrow

A

Nutrient foramen

52
Q

Ends or extremities of long bones

A

Epiphysis

53
Q

Shaft of long bones

A

Diaphysis

54
Q

Target site of growth
hormone (somatotropin
produced by anterior
pituitary gland); part of
metaphysis

A

Epiphyseal plate

54
Q

Junction between diaphysis and epiphysis

A

Metaphysis

55
Q

What are the bones found in shoulder girdle?

A

Coracoid, scapula, and clavicle

55
Q

What are the 3 divisions of skeletal system?

A

Axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, and splanchnic bones.

56
Q

Bones of axial skeleton

A

VC, skull, ribs, and sternunm

57
Q

What are the bone/s found in upper arm?

A

Humerus

58
Q

What are the bones found in forearm?

A

Radius and ulna

59
Q

What are bone/s found in thigh?

A

Femur

59
Q

What are the bones found in manus?

A

Carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

60
Q

What are bones found in pelvic girdle/os coxae?

A

Ilium, ischium, and pubis

61
Q

What are the bones of pes?

A

Tarsal, metatarsal, and phalanges

62
Q

What are the bones of true leg/crus?

A

Tibia and fibula

63
Q

Square bone present in the snout of the pig

A

Os rostri

63
Q

Bones found in dog’s penis

A

Os penis or baculum

64
Q

Bone present in heart of the ox

A

Os cordis

65
Q

Abnormal bone in cats with relation to hormonal balance

A

Os clitoris

66
Q

Splanchnic bone in chicken’s skull

A

Entoglossal bone

67
Q

Type of bones that act as levers and has epiphysis and diaphysis.

A

Long bones

67
Q

Give 5 long bones.

A

Humerus, femur, radius, ulna, tibia

68
Q

Give some examples of irregular bone.

A

Vertebra, base of the skull (cranium)

68
Q

Type of bones that diffuse concussions.

A

Short bones

69
Q

Type of bones that is dorsoventrally flattened, protective, and afford large area for muscle attachment.

A

Flat bone

69
Q

Give some examples of short bones.

A

Carpals and tarsals.

70
Q

Give some examples of flat bones.

A

Os coxae, scapula

70
Q

Type of bones that is irregularly shaped and has varied function, usually for support and ligament attachment.

A

Irregular bones

71
Q

Type of bones that is hollow and connected to bird’s respiratory system.

A

Pneumatic bones

72
Q

Give some examples of hollow bones.

A

Humerus, clavicle, and sternum

73
Q

Give some examples of sesamoid bones.

A

Patella

73
Q

Type of bones that resembles that shape of sesame seeds.

A

Sesamoid bones

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY LEC (7 decks)

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