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COMPARATIVE ANATOMY LEC > TOPIC 4 - GENERAL DIGESTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

TOPIC 4 - GENERAL DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

It is made up of parts responsible for digestion and absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste products in the form of stool or feces or manure.

A

Digestive system

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2
Q

What are the components of digestive tract/alimentary canal?

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Pharynx
  3. Esophagus
  4. Glandular stomach
  5. Small Intestine
  6. Large Intestine
  7. Anus
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3
Q

What are the components of digestive glands?

A
  1. Salivary glands
  2. Liver (gall bladder)
  3. Pancreas
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4
Q

What are the components of accessory digestive structures?

A
  1. Teeth
  2. Tongue
  3. Cheeks
  4. Lips
  5. Hard Palate
  6. Soft Palate
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5
Q

Other term for mouth

A

Oral cavity/Buccal cavity

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6
Q

Mouth is bounded dorsally by?

A

Hard and soft palate and upper set of teeth

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7
Q

Mouth is bounded laterally by?

A

Cheeks

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8
Q

Cheeks are lined by what type of epithelium?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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9
Q

Mouth is bounded ventrally by?

A

Floor of mouth, tongue ad lower set of teeth

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10
Q

Mouth is bounded rostrally by?

A

Lips

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11
Q

Mouth is bounded caudally by?

A

Oropharynx

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12
Q

What are the 3 apertures of pharynx?

A
  1. Oropharynx
  2. Nasopharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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13
Q

Aperture of pharynx that opens into the mouth/oral cavity.

A

Oropharynx

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14
Q

Aperture of pharynx that opens into the nasal cavity.

A

Nasopharynx

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15
Q

Aperture of pharynx that opens into larynx and esophagus.

A

Laryngopharynx

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16
Q

Larynx is posterior while esophagus is anterior. True or False?

A

False, other way around.

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17
Q

It is a musculo-membranous tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach.

A

Esophagus

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18
Q

Three portions/segments of esophagus

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Abdominal
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19
Q

Thoracic segment of esophagus becomes abdominal by ?

A

Passing through hiatus esophagi of diaphragm

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20
Q

What are the 4 concentric layers of esophagus? (From innermost to outer layer)

A
  1. Tunica mucosa
  2. Tunica submucosa
  3. Tunica muscularis
  4. Tunica adventitia
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21
Q

A hollow muscular bag part of digestive system.

A

Stomach

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22
Q

What are the four parts of stomach? (from entrance to exit)

A

1.Cardia
2. Fundus
3. Body
4. Pylorus

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23
Q

What are the 2 sphincters of stomach?

A
  1. Cardiac sphincter
  2. Pyloric sphincter
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24
Q

What are the 4 concentric layers stomach? (from innermost to outer layer)

A
  1. Tunica mucosa
  2. Tunica submucosa
  3. Tunica muscularis
  4. Tunica serosa
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25
Q

Gastric glands are present in what part/s of the stomach?

A

Fundus and body

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26
Q

Type of cells present in gastric glands

A
  1. Chief cells
  2. Parietal cells
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27
Q

Chief cells of stomach secrete ?

A

Pepsinogen

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28
Q

Active form of pepsinogen

A

Pepsin

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29
Q

Parietal cells of stomach secrete?

A

Hydrochloric acid

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30
Q

Both pepsin and hydrochloric acid digest protein. True or False?

A

True

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31
Q

Both pepsin and hydrochloric acid digest protein and carbohydrates. True or False?

A

False, only HCL.

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32
Q

What are the two surfaces of stomach?

A
  1. Parietal surface
  2. Visceral surface
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33
Q

It is the surface of stomach facing outside the abdomen.

A

Parietal

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34
Q

It is the surface of stomach facing interior of abdomen/viscera.

A

Visceral

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35
Q

What are the two curvatures of stomach?

A
  1. Greater
  2. Lesser
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36
Q

It is the curvature of stomach that faces the liver.

A

Lesser curvature

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37
Q

It is the curvature of stomach that faces the spleen.

A

Greater curvature

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38
Q

What are the two extremities of stomach?

A
  1. Right
  2. Left
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39
Q

Cardia of the stomach is situated to what extremity?

A

Left

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40
Q

Pylorus of the stomach is situated to what extremity?

A

Right

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41
Q

Stomach is held in position by?
(Hint: 3 answers)

A
  1. Pressure of surrounding organs
  2. Esophagus
  3. Five peritoneal folds
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42
Q

What are 5 peritoneal folds?

A
  1. Gastro-phrenic
  2. Gastro-splenic
  3. Gastro-pancreatic
  4. Lesser omentum
  5. Greater omentum
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43
Q

LESSER CURVATURE:LESSER OMENTUM

True or False?

A

True

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44
Q

It is the condition where the stomach performs rotation. This is common in large and deep-chested dogs.

A

Gastric dilation volvulus

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45
Q

It connects the stomach with large intestine.

A

Small intestine

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46
Q

It is the 1st segment of small intestine wherein bile ducts and pancreatic ducts empty their contents.

A

Duodenum

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47
Q

This segment of small intestine is the longest, hence, most absorptive, and most movable.

A

Jejunum

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48
Q

This is the terminal segment of small intestine that has immunologic function.

A

Ileum

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49
Q

It is the lymphoid aggregates present in the ileum of small intestine.

A

Peyer’s patches

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50
Q

Lymphoid aggregates are present in all of the segments of small intestine. True or False?

A

True, just smaller in duodenum and jejunum

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51
Q

What segment is not movable in small intestine?

A

Duodenum

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52
Q

The mesenteric part of the small intestine is connected with the dorsal ____ ____ by a double layer of ____ termed the _____ _____.

A

Abdominal wall, peritoneum, common mesentery

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53
Q

The root of the common mesentery is attached to a point close to the origin of the ____ ____ ____ under the ____ and ____ lumbar vertebrae.

A

Cranial mesenteric artery, 1st and 2nd

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54
Q

It is the finger-like projections of the small intestine.

A

Villi

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55
Q

The brush border/striated border of small intestine.

A

Microvillli

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56
Q

What are the 2 features of the interior of the small intestine?

A

Villi and Peyer’s patches

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57
Q

A single duct arising from gall bladder.

A

Cystic duct

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58
Q

The union of the these ducts form the hepatic duct.

A

Lobar ducts

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59
Q

These 2 ducts form the common bile duct.

A

Cystic duct and Hepatic duct

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60
Q

What are the 2 ducts of pancreas?

A

Dorsal and ventral

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61
Q

Among the 2 ducts of pancreas, which one is smaller or accessory?

A

Dorsal

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62
Q

Pancreatic and bile ducts open into what segment of small intestine?

A

Duodenum

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63
Q

What are the 3 segments of large intestine?

A
  1. Caecum
  2. Colon
  3. Rectum
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64
Q

This part of the large intestine is the counterpart of appendix in humans.

A

Caecum

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65
Q

It is the site of fermentation in post-gastric fermenter (horse, rabbit).

A

Caecum

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66
Q

What segment of large intestine produces VFA?

A

Caecum

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67
Q

A segment of large intestine that acts as a site for water and electrolyte absorption.

A

Colon

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68
Q

Terminal segment of large intestine

A

Rectum

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69
Q

What are the three parts of colon?

A
  1. Ascending
  2. Transverse
  3. Descending
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70
Q

The large intestine extends from the termination of the ____ to the ____.

A

Ileum, anus

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71
Q

These are the longitudinal bands running along the outside of large intestine.

A

Taenia

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72
Q

Taenia is not stretchable. True or False?

A

False

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73
Q

The sacculations caused by the constriction of the taenia are called ?

A

Haustra

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74
Q

At the junction of rectum and anus, there is a presence of ?

A

Anal glands

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75
Q

This is the surgical procedure pertaining to removal of anal glands.

A

Anal sacculatory removal

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76
Q

These are the anal glands situated on either side of rectum.

A

Parasinus glands

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77
Q

These are the anal glands situated on the further back of the skin.

A

Circum-anal glands

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78
Q

This is the terminal segment of alimentary canal.

A

Anus

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79
Q

What are the muscles present in anus?

A

Sphincter ani externi et interni

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80
Q

The salivary glands is situated on the ?

A

Sides of the face and adjacent part of the neck

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81
Q

The 3 main salivary glands are ?

A
  1. Parotid
  2. Submandibular/Mandibular
  3. Sublingual
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82
Q

It is the largest salivary gland.

A

Parotid gland

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83
Q

Submandibular/mandibular gland is situated at?

A

Caudal border of the mandible

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84
Q

Sublingual is situated at ?

A

Below the tongue

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85
Q

Give the 3 types of secretion of salivary glands.

A
  1. Serous
  2. Mucous
  3. Mixed
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86
Q

What is the 4th salivary gland present in dogs?

A

Zygomatic/Orbital gland

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87
Q

Zygomatic gland is also present in cats. True or False?

A

True

88
Q

What is the 5th salivary gland present in cats?

A

Molar gland

89
Q

The parotid gland secretes serous in most domestic animals like dogs and humans. True or False?

A

False

90
Q

All of the salivary glands present in dogs secretes mixed-type. True or False?

A

True

91
Q

Parotid duct is opens at?

A

Opposite of 3rd upper cheek tooth at salivary papilla.

92
Q

Submandibular duct opens at?

A

Opposite the lower canine teeth at sublingual caruncle

93
Q

About ____ short sublingual ducts open through ? Fill in the blank and give the location.

A

30, small papillae on sublingual fold

94
Q

The zygomatic or orbital gland is situated in the ?

A

Interior part of the pterygopalatine fossa

95
Q

___ major and ___ or ____ minor zygomatic ducts in dog opens at?

A

One, 3, 4

Near the last upper cheek tooth

96
Q

It is the nutritional guardian of the body.

A

Liver

97
Q

Liver secretes ?

A

Bile

98
Q

It serves as site for drug biotransformation and detoxification.

A

Liver

99
Q

What is the functional unit of liver?

A

Hepatic lobule

100
Q

In cats, aspirin toxicity is due to?

A

Deficiency in glucoronyl transferase

101
Q

What is the component of chocolate making it toxic to dogs?

A

Theobromine

102
Q

What is the purpose of bile?

A

Emulsification of fats

103
Q

The release of bile from gallbladder is mediated by ?

A

Cholecystokinin

104
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the liver?

A
  1. Left Hepatic
  2. Right Hepatic
  3. Median/quadrate
  4. Caudate lobe
105
Q

Among the 4 lobes of the liver, which has papillary process?

A

Caudate lobe

106
Q

It is the depression in the liver where gallbladder inserts.

A

Fossa vesicae feleae

107
Q

It is the largest gland of the body.

A

Liver

108
Q

Liver is situated ____ against the ____ surface of the ____.

A

Obliquely, visceral, diaphragm

109
Q

How many deep fissures divides the liver into 3 lobes?

A

2

110
Q

What are the surfaces of the liver?

A
  1. Parietal surface
  2. Visceral surface
111
Q

Parietal surface of the liver is convex or concave?

A

Convex

112
Q

The parietal surface of the liver faces ?

A

The outside

113
Q

Visceral surface of the liver is convex or concave?

A

Concave

114
Q

The visceral surface of the liver faces?

A

The inside

115
Q

The circumference of liver has what borders?

A

Dorsal, ventral, and lateral borders

116
Q

The left lobe is simple compared to the right lobe. True or False?

A

True

117
Q

Among the 4 lobes of the liver, which bears the caudate process?

A

Right hepatic lobe

118
Q

Among the 4 lobes pf the liver, which is associated with caudate lobe?

A

Right hepatic lobe

119
Q

This is the depression situated in about the middle of visceral surface of the liver.

A

Porta

120
Q

What are the following structures that enter the porta?

A
  1. Portal vein
  2. Hepatic artery
  3. Hepatic plexus of nerves
121
Q

What are the following vessels that leave the porta?

A
  1. Duct
  2. Lymphatics
122
Q

What are the 6 ligaments of liver?

A
  1. Coronary
  2. Falciform
  3. Round
  4. Right triangular
  5. Left triangularr
  6. Caude
123
Q

What are the portions of pancreas?

A
  1. Exocrine
  2. Endocrine
124
Q

The exocrine portion of pancreas has what cells?

A

Pancreatic acinar cells

125
Q

Give the secretions of pancreatic acinar cells and their respective synthesis.

A
  1. Pancreatic amylase - carbohydrates
  2. Pancreatic lipase - lipids/fats
  3. Trypsinogen - protein
  4. Chymotrypsinogen - protein
126
Q

The endocrine portion of pancreas/Islet of Langerhans has what cells?

A
  1. Alpha cells
  2. Beta cells
  3. Delta cells
  4. F-cells
127
Q
A
128
Q

Alpha cells of pancreas secrete what enzyme?

A

Glucagon

129
Q

Glucagon increases blood sugar level. True or False?

A

True

130
Q

Beta cells of pancreas secrete what enzyme?

A

Insulin

131
Q

Insulin lowers the blood sugar level. True or False?

A

True

132
Q

Delta cells secrete what enzyme?

A

Somastostatin

133
Q

F-cells secrete what ?

A

P. polypeptides

134
Q

What are the 2 surfaces of pancreas?

A
  1. Dorsal
  2. Ventral
135
Q

What are the 3 borders of pancreas?

A
  1. Right
  2. Left
  3. Posterior
136
Q

What are the 3 angles of pancreas?

A
  1. Duodenal
  2. Splenic
  3. Right
137
Q

When stained, pancreatic acinar cells are lightly-colored. True or False?

A

False, they are dark when stained.

138
Q

Spleen is a digestive organ. True or False?

A

False

139
Q

Specifically, to what system does the spleen belongs to? (Hint: Sub-system of immune system)

A

Reticuloendothelial system

140
Q

It is the graveyard organ of the body.

A

Spleen

141
Q

Spleen is encapsulated organ. True or False?

A

True

142
Q

Spleen is situated to the ___ of the ___ plane in close relation to the ___ part of the ___ curvature of the stomach or rumen.

A

left, median, left, greater

143
Q

What are the 2 surfaces of the spleen?

A
  1. Parietal surface
  2. Visceral surface
144
Q

The spleen is attached by what structures. (Hint: 2 answers)

A
  1. Hilus
  2. Gastro-splenic omentum
145
Q

Gastro-splenic omentum arises from ?

A

Hilus to left part of greater curvature of stomach

146
Q

In the case of horse, the gastro-splenic omentum arises from?

A

Suspensory ligament from base to left crus of the diaphragm and left kidney

147
Q

It is a mechanical accessory structure responsible for chopping, grinding, and chewing the food.

A

Teeth

148
Q

What are the 4 types of teeth?

A
  1. Incisors
  2. Canine
  3. Premolar
  4. Molar
149
Q

What are the 3 surfaces of teeth?

A
  1. Occlusal
  2. Labial
  3. Lingual
150
Q

Occlusal surface of teeth is situated between ?

A

Upper and lower set of teeth

151
Q

Labial surface of teeth faces the ?

A

Lips

152
Q

Lingual surface of the teeth faces the?

A

Tongue surface

153
Q

What are the 4 layers of teeth?

A
  1. Cementum
  2. Enamel
  3. Dentine
  4. Pulp cavity
154
Q

It is the hardest tissue in the body.

A

Enamel

155
Q

It is the 2nd hardest tissue in the body.

A

Bone

156
Q

It is the 3rd hardest tissue in the body.

A

Cementum

157
Q

What are the 3 regions of teeth?

A
  1. Crown
  2. Neck
  3. Root
158
Q

A type of teeth that is called nipper.

A

Incisors

159
Q

Incisors teeth are implanted in?

A

In the incisive bone and the body of the mandible

160
Q

This is also known as holding teeth.

A

Canine

161
Q

Canine teeth are implanted at ?

A

Behind the incisors in the interalveolar spaces.

162
Q

These are also known as grinding teeth.

A

Premolars and molars.

163
Q

Together, premolars and molars form the ?

A

Side of the dental arch

164
Q

Premolars are posterior while molars are anterior. True or False?

A

False

165
Q

What is the collective term for both premolars and molars?

A

Cheek teeth

166
Q

In horses, the first premolar when present is called ?

A

Wolf tooth

167
Q

This is the portion of the tooth that is covered with enamel.

A

Crown

168
Q

It is part of the tooth which projects above the level of the gum.

A

Crown

169
Q

Portion of the tooth which is covered with cement and is embedded in the gum.

A

Root

170
Q

The root portion of the tooth is attached to?

A

Mandible and maxilla

171
Q

This is the line of junction between crown and root.

A

Neck

172
Q

Among the domestic animals, which has a tooth that shows very distinct neck ?

A

Dog

173
Q

This is the innermost portion of tooth that is filled with a soft gelatinous mass of connective tissue.

A

Pulp cavity

174
Q

The blood supply of the pulp of tooth is derived from ?

A

Infraorbital and mandibular alveolar branches of the internal maxillary

175
Q

The nerve supply of the pulp of tooth is derived from ?

A

Branches of 5th cranial nerve/trigeminal

176
Q

Tongue is situated on?

A

On the floor of the mouth cavity between the rami of the mandibles

177
Q

Tongue is formed by this muscle which is also one of the strongest skeletal muscle.

A

Mylohyoid muscles

178
Q

What are the 3 parts of tongue?

A
  1. Root
  2. Body
  3. Apex
179
Q

The dorsum of the tongue refers to ?

A

Free dorsal surface

180
Q

The mucous membrane of the dorsum of tongue is viliated. True or False?

A

False, papillated.

181
Q

What are the 4 main types of papillae ?

A
  1. Filiform
  2. Fungiform
  3. Foliate
  4. Vallate
182
Q

Among the 4 main types of tongue papillae, which is bristle-like?

A

Filiform

183
Q

Among the 4 main types of tongue papillae, which is mushroom-shaped?

A

Fungiform

184
Q

Among the 4 main types of papillae, which is leaf-shaped?

A

Foliate

185
Q

Among the 4 main types of papillae, which is v-shaped?

A

Vallate

186
Q

Vallate papillae of the tongue is usually located at ?

A

Caudal aspect

187
Q

Among the 4 main types of papillae, which has no gustation?

A

Filiform

188
Q

Gustatory cells inside the taste buds are what type of special cells?

A

Specialized chemoreceptive cells

189
Q

What are the five taste buds?

A
  1. Sweet
  2. Salty
  3. Sour
  4. Bitter
  5. Umami
190
Q

Umami taste is due to what mineral/chemical component?

A

Monosodium glutamate

191
Q

The blood supply of the tongue is achieved by ?

A

Paired lingual and sublingual arteries

192
Q

The paired lingual and sublingual arteries are branches of the ?

A

External maxillary artery

193
Q

The motor nerve supply of the tongue is from what cranial nerve ?

A

Hypoglossal, 12th

194
Q

The sensory nerve supply of tongue are ?

A

Lingual nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve

195
Q

What percentage does the lingual nerve of the tongue supply for sensation?

A

2/3 or 66% (anterior)

196
Q

What percentage does the glossopharyngeal nerve of the supply for sensation?

A

1/3 or 33% (posterior)

197
Q

It is a musculo-membranous curtain which separates the mouth cavity from the pharynx.

A

Soft palate

198
Q

What are the parts of soft palate?

A
  1. Base
  2. Free border
  3. 2 surfaces
199
Q

What are 2 surfaces of soft palate?

A
  1. Oral
  2. Aboral
200
Q

The aboral surface of soft palate is at esophagus region. True or False?

A

False, pharynx region.

201
Q

These pillars of soft palate are two short, thick folds which run from the free border of the oral surface to either side of the tongue.

A

Anterior pillars

202
Q

These pillars of soft palate run from the free border of aboral surface to meet over the commencement of esophagus.

A

Posterior pillars

203
Q

Between the diverging anterior and posterior pillar is the ?

A

Tonsillar sinus

204
Q

Tonsils are lymphoid aggregates. True or False?

A

True

205
Q

What are the 3 intrinsic muscles of soft palate?

A
  1. Levator veli palatini
  2. Tensor veli palatine
  3. Palatinus
206
Q

What is the extrinsic muscle of soft palate?

A
  1. Palate-pharyngeus
207
Q

Hard palate is marked by presence of ?

A

Palatine ridges

208
Q

It pertains to the mucous membrane of the roof of the mouth.

A

Hard palate

209
Q

The hard palate is bounded in front and on either side by the ?

A

Alveolar arches

210
Q

Hard palate is anterior, soft palate is posterior. True or False?

A

True

211
Q

The bony basis of the hard palate is formed by the palatine processes of?

A
  1. Premaxillae/incisor
  2. Maxillae
  3. Horizontal part of the palatine bones
212
Q

What are the 2 borders of the spleen?

A
  1. Anterior
  2. Posterior
213
Q

What are the two extremities of the spleen?

A
  1. Dorsal (base)
  2. Ventral (apex)
214
Q

What are the two extremities of the spleen?

A
  1. Dorsal (base)
  2. Ventral (apex)
215
Q

Which is the pointed portion? Dorsal or ventral extremity of the spleen?

A

Ventral

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY LEC (8 decks)

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