TOPIC 4 - GENERAL DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards
It is made up of parts responsible for digestion and absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste products in the form of stool or feces or manure.
Digestive system
What are the components of digestive tract/alimentary canal?
- Mouth
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- Glandular stomach
- Small Intestine
- Large Intestine
- Anus
What are the components of digestive glands?
- Salivary glands
- Liver (gall bladder)
- Pancreas
What are the components of accessory digestive structures?
- Teeth
- Tongue
- Cheeks
- Lips
- Hard Palate
- Soft Palate
Other term for mouth
Oral cavity/Buccal cavity
Mouth is bounded dorsally by?
Hard and soft palate and upper set of teeth
Mouth is bounded laterally by?
Cheeks
Cheeks are lined by what type of epithelium?
Simple squamous epithelium
Mouth is bounded ventrally by?
Floor of mouth, tongue ad lower set of teeth
Mouth is bounded rostrally by?
Lips
Mouth is bounded caudally by?
Oropharynx
What are the 3 apertures of pharynx?
- Oropharynx
- Nasopharynx
- Laryngopharynx
Aperture of pharynx that opens into the mouth/oral cavity.
Oropharynx
Aperture of pharynx that opens into the nasal cavity.
Nasopharynx
Aperture of pharynx that opens into larynx and esophagus.
Laryngopharynx
Larynx is posterior while esophagus is anterior. True or False?
False, other way around.
It is a musculo-membranous tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach.
Esophagus
Three portions/segments of esophagus
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Abdominal
Thoracic segment of esophagus becomes abdominal by ?
Passing through hiatus esophagi of diaphragm
What are the 4 concentric layers of esophagus? (From innermost to outer layer)
- Tunica mucosa
- Tunica submucosa
- Tunica muscularis
- Tunica adventitia
A hollow muscular bag part of digestive system.
Stomach
What are the four parts of stomach? (from entrance to exit)
1.Cardia
2. Fundus
3. Body
4. Pylorus
What are the 2 sphincters of stomach?
- Cardiac sphincter
- Pyloric sphincter
What are the 4 concentric layers stomach? (from innermost to outer layer)
- Tunica mucosa
- Tunica submucosa
- Tunica muscularis
- Tunica serosa
Gastric glands are present in what part/s of the stomach?
Fundus and body
Type of cells present in gastric glands
- Chief cells
- Parietal cells
Chief cells of stomach secrete ?
Pepsinogen
Active form of pepsinogen
Pepsin
Parietal cells of stomach secrete?
Hydrochloric acid
Both pepsin and hydrochloric acid digest protein. True or False?
True
Both pepsin and hydrochloric acid digest protein and carbohydrates. True or False?
False, only HCL.
What are the two surfaces of stomach?
- Parietal surface
- Visceral surface
It is the surface of stomach facing outside the abdomen.
Parietal
It is the surface of stomach facing interior of abdomen/viscera.
Visceral
What are the two curvatures of stomach?
- Greater
- Lesser
It is the curvature of stomach that faces the liver.
Lesser curvature
It is the curvature of stomach that faces the spleen.
Greater curvature
What are the two extremities of stomach?
- Right
- Left
Cardia of the stomach is situated to what extremity?
Left
Pylorus of the stomach is situated to what extremity?
Right
Stomach is held in position by?
(Hint: 3 answers)
- Pressure of surrounding organs
- Esophagus
- Five peritoneal folds
What are 5 peritoneal folds?
- Gastro-phrenic
- Gastro-splenic
- Gastro-pancreatic
- Lesser omentum
- Greater omentum
LESSER CURVATURE:LESSER OMENTUM
True or False?
True
It is the condition where the stomach performs rotation. This is common in large and deep-chested dogs.
Gastric dilation volvulus
It connects the stomach with large intestine.
Small intestine
It is the 1st segment of small intestine wherein bile ducts and pancreatic ducts empty their contents.
Duodenum
This segment of small intestine is the longest, hence, most absorptive, and most movable.
Jejunum
This is the terminal segment of small intestine that has immunologic function.
Ileum
It is the lymphoid aggregates present in the ileum of small intestine.
Peyer’s patches
Lymphoid aggregates are present in all of the segments of small intestine. True or False?
True, just smaller in duodenum and jejunum
What segment is not movable in small intestine?
Duodenum
The mesenteric part of the small intestine is connected with the dorsal ____ ____ by a double layer of ____ termed the _____ _____.
Abdominal wall, peritoneum, common mesentery
The root of the common mesentery is attached to a point close to the origin of the ____ ____ ____ under the ____ and ____ lumbar vertebrae.
Cranial mesenteric artery, 1st and 2nd
It is the finger-like projections of the small intestine.
Villi
The brush border/striated border of small intestine.
Microvillli
What are the 2 features of the interior of the small intestine?
Villi and Peyer’s patches
A single duct arising from gall bladder.
Cystic duct
The union of the these ducts form the hepatic duct.
Lobar ducts
These 2 ducts form the common bile duct.
Cystic duct and Hepatic duct
What are the 2 ducts of pancreas?
Dorsal and ventral
Among the 2 ducts of pancreas, which one is smaller or accessory?
Dorsal
Pancreatic and bile ducts open into what segment of small intestine?
Duodenum
What are the 3 segments of large intestine?
- Caecum
- Colon
- Rectum
This part of the large intestine is the counterpart of appendix in humans.
Caecum
It is the site of fermentation in post-gastric fermenter (horse, rabbit).
Caecum
What segment of large intestine produces VFA?
Caecum
A segment of large intestine that acts as a site for water and electrolyte absorption.
Colon
Terminal segment of large intestine
Rectum
What are the three parts of colon?
- Ascending
- Transverse
- Descending
The large intestine extends from the termination of the ____ to the ____.
Ileum, anus
These are the longitudinal bands running along the outside of large intestine.
Taenia
Taenia is not stretchable. True or False?
False
The sacculations caused by the constriction of the taenia are called ?
Haustra
At the junction of rectum and anus, there is a presence of ?
Anal glands
This is the surgical procedure pertaining to removal of anal glands.
Anal sacculatory removal
These are the anal glands situated on either side of rectum.
Parasinus glands
These are the anal glands situated on the further back of the skin.
Circum-anal glands
This is the terminal segment of alimentary canal.
Anus
What are the muscles present in anus?
Sphincter ani externi et interni
The salivary glands is situated on the ?
Sides of the face and adjacent part of the neck
The 3 main salivary glands are ?
- Parotid
- Submandibular/Mandibular
- Sublingual
It is the largest salivary gland.
Parotid gland
Submandibular/mandibular gland is situated at?
Caudal border of the mandible
Sublingual is situated at ?
Below the tongue
Give the 3 types of secretion of salivary glands.
- Serous
- Mucous
- Mixed
What is the 4th salivary gland present in dogs?
Zygomatic/Orbital gland
Zygomatic gland is also present in cats. True or False?
True
What is the 5th salivary gland present in cats?
Molar gland
The parotid gland secretes serous in most domestic animals like dogs and humans. True or False?
False
All of the salivary glands present in dogs secretes mixed-type. True or False?
True
Parotid duct is opens at?
Opposite of 3rd upper cheek tooth at salivary papilla.
Submandibular duct opens at?
Opposite the lower canine teeth at sublingual caruncle
About ____ short sublingual ducts open through ? Fill in the blank and give the location.
30, small papillae on sublingual fold
The zygomatic or orbital gland is situated in the ?
Interior part of the pterygopalatine fossa
___ major and ___ or ____ minor zygomatic ducts in dog opens at?
One, 3, 4
Near the last upper cheek tooth
It is the nutritional guardian of the body.
Liver
Liver secretes ?
Bile
It serves as site for drug biotransformation and detoxification.
Liver
What is the functional unit of liver?
Hepatic lobule
In cats, aspirin toxicity is due to?
Deficiency in glucoronyl transferase
What is the component of chocolate making it toxic to dogs?
Theobromine
What is the purpose of bile?
Emulsification of fats
The release of bile from gallbladder is mediated by ?
Cholecystokinin
What are the 4 lobes of the liver?
- Left Hepatic
- Right Hepatic
- Median/quadrate
- Caudate lobe
Among the 4 lobes of the liver, which has papillary process?
Caudate lobe
It is the depression in the liver where gallbladder inserts.
Fossa vesicae feleae
It is the largest gland of the body.
Liver
Liver is situated ____ against the ____ surface of the ____.
Obliquely, visceral, diaphragm
How many deep fissures divides the liver into 3 lobes?
2
What are the surfaces of the liver?
- Parietal surface
- Visceral surface
Parietal surface of the liver is convex or concave?
Convex
The parietal surface of the liver faces ?
The outside
Visceral surface of the liver is convex or concave?
Concave
The visceral surface of the liver faces?
The inside
The circumference of liver has what borders?
Dorsal, ventral, and lateral borders
The left lobe is simple compared to the right lobe. True or False?
True
Among the 4 lobes of the liver, which bears the caudate process?
Right hepatic lobe
Among the 4 lobes pf the liver, which is associated with caudate lobe?
Right hepatic lobe
This is the depression situated in about the middle of visceral surface of the liver.
Porta
What are the following structures that enter the porta?
- Portal vein
- Hepatic artery
- Hepatic plexus of nerves
What are the following vessels that leave the porta?
- Duct
- Lymphatics
What are the 6 ligaments of liver?
- Coronary
- Falciform
- Round
- Right triangular
- Left triangularr
- Caude
What are the portions of pancreas?
- Exocrine
- Endocrine
The exocrine portion of pancreas has what cells?
Pancreatic acinar cells
Give the secretions of pancreatic acinar cells and their respective synthesis.
- Pancreatic amylase - carbohydrates
- Pancreatic lipase - lipids/fats
- Trypsinogen - protein
- Chymotrypsinogen - protein
The endocrine portion of pancreas/Islet of Langerhans has what cells?
- Alpha cells
- Beta cells
- Delta cells
- F-cells
Alpha cells of pancreas secrete what enzyme?
Glucagon
Glucagon increases blood sugar level. True or False?
True
Beta cells of pancreas secrete what enzyme?
Insulin
Insulin lowers the blood sugar level. True or False?
True
Delta cells secrete what enzyme?
Somastostatin
F-cells secrete what ?
P. polypeptides
What are the 2 surfaces of pancreas?
- Dorsal
- Ventral
What are the 3 borders of pancreas?
- Right
- Left
- Posterior
What are the 3 angles of pancreas?
- Duodenal
- Splenic
- Right
When stained, pancreatic acinar cells are lightly-colored. True or False?
False, they are dark when stained.
Spleen is a digestive organ. True or False?
False
Specifically, to what system does the spleen belongs to? (Hint: Sub-system of immune system)
Reticuloendothelial system
It is the graveyard organ of the body.
Spleen
Spleen is encapsulated organ. True or False?
True
Spleen is situated to the ___ of the ___ plane in close relation to the ___ part of the ___ curvature of the stomach or rumen.
left, median, left, greater
What are the 2 surfaces of the spleen?
- Parietal surface
- Visceral surface
The spleen is attached by what structures. (Hint: 2 answers)
- Hilus
- Gastro-splenic omentum
Gastro-splenic omentum arises from ?
Hilus to left part of greater curvature of stomach
In the case of horse, the gastro-splenic omentum arises from?
Suspensory ligament from base to left crus of the diaphragm and left kidney
It is a mechanical accessory structure responsible for chopping, grinding, and chewing the food.
Teeth
What are the 4 types of teeth?
- Incisors
- Canine
- Premolar
- Molar
What are the 3 surfaces of teeth?
- Occlusal
- Labial
- Lingual
Occlusal surface of teeth is situated between ?
Upper and lower set of teeth
Labial surface of teeth faces the ?
Lips
Lingual surface of the teeth faces the?
Tongue surface
What are the 4 layers of teeth?
- Cementum
- Enamel
- Dentine
- Pulp cavity
It is the hardest tissue in the body.
Enamel
It is the 2nd hardest tissue in the body.
Bone
It is the 3rd hardest tissue in the body.
Cementum
What are the 3 regions of teeth?
- Crown
- Neck
- Root
A type of teeth that is called nipper.
Incisors
Incisors teeth are implanted in?
In the incisive bone and the body of the mandible
This is also known as holding teeth.
Canine
Canine teeth are implanted at ?
Behind the incisors in the interalveolar spaces.
These are also known as grinding teeth.
Premolars and molars.
Together, premolars and molars form the ?
Side of the dental arch
Premolars are posterior while molars are anterior. True or False?
False
What is the collective term for both premolars and molars?
Cheek teeth
In horses, the first premolar when present is called ?
Wolf tooth
This is the portion of the tooth that is covered with enamel.
Crown
It is part of the tooth which projects above the level of the gum.
Crown
Portion of the tooth which is covered with cement and is embedded in the gum.
Root
The root portion of the tooth is attached to?
Mandible and maxilla
This is the line of junction between crown and root.
Neck
Among the domestic animals, which has a tooth that shows very distinct neck ?
Dog
This is the innermost portion of tooth that is filled with a soft gelatinous mass of connective tissue.
Pulp cavity
The blood supply of the pulp of tooth is derived from ?
Infraorbital and mandibular alveolar branches of the internal maxillary
The nerve supply of the pulp of tooth is derived from ?
Branches of 5th cranial nerve/trigeminal
Tongue is situated on?
On the floor of the mouth cavity between the rami of the mandibles
Tongue is formed by this muscle which is also one of the strongest skeletal muscle.
Mylohyoid muscles
What are the 3 parts of tongue?
- Root
- Body
- Apex
The dorsum of the tongue refers to ?
Free dorsal surface
The mucous membrane of the dorsum of tongue is viliated. True or False?
False, papillated.
What are the 4 main types of papillae ?
- Filiform
- Fungiform
- Foliate
- Vallate
Among the 4 main types of tongue papillae, which is bristle-like?
Filiform
Among the 4 main types of tongue papillae, which is mushroom-shaped?
Fungiform
Among the 4 main types of papillae, which is leaf-shaped?
Foliate
Among the 4 main types of papillae, which is v-shaped?
Vallate
Vallate papillae of the tongue is usually located at ?
Caudal aspect
Among the 4 main types of papillae, which has no gustation?
Filiform
Gustatory cells inside the taste buds are what type of special cells?
Specialized chemoreceptive cells
What are the five taste buds?
- Sweet
- Salty
- Sour
- Bitter
- Umami
Umami taste is due to what mineral/chemical component?
Monosodium glutamate
The blood supply of the tongue is achieved by ?
Paired lingual and sublingual arteries
The paired lingual and sublingual arteries are branches of the ?
External maxillary artery
The motor nerve supply of the tongue is from what cranial nerve ?
Hypoglossal, 12th
The sensory nerve supply of tongue are ?
Lingual nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve
What percentage does the lingual nerve of the tongue supply for sensation?
2/3 or 66% (anterior)
What percentage does the glossopharyngeal nerve of the supply for sensation?
1/3 or 33% (posterior)
It is a musculo-membranous curtain which separates the mouth cavity from the pharynx.
Soft palate
What are the parts of soft palate?
- Base
- Free border
- 2 surfaces
What are 2 surfaces of soft palate?
- Oral
- Aboral
The aboral surface of soft palate is at esophagus region. True or False?
False, pharynx region.
These pillars of soft palate are two short, thick folds which run from the free border of the oral surface to either side of the tongue.
Anterior pillars
These pillars of soft palate run from the free border of aboral surface to meet over the commencement of esophagus.
Posterior pillars
Between the diverging anterior and posterior pillar is the ?
Tonsillar sinus
Tonsils are lymphoid aggregates. True or False?
True
What are the 3 intrinsic muscles of soft palate?
- Levator veli palatini
- Tensor veli palatine
- Palatinus
What is the extrinsic muscle of soft palate?
- Palate-pharyngeus
Hard palate is marked by presence of ?
Palatine ridges
It pertains to the mucous membrane of the roof of the mouth.
Hard palate
The hard palate is bounded in front and on either side by the ?
Alveolar arches
Hard palate is anterior, soft palate is posterior. True or False?
True
The bony basis of the hard palate is formed by the palatine processes of?
- Premaxillae/incisor
- Maxillae
- Horizontal part of the palatine bones
What are the 2 borders of the spleen?
- Anterior
- Posterior
What are the two extremities of the spleen?
- Dorsal (base)
- Ventral (apex)
What are the two extremities of the spleen?
- Dorsal (base)
- Ventral (apex)
Which is the pointed portion? Dorsal or ventral extremity of the spleen?
Ventral
