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Biology > Topic 5 Wood > Flashcards

Topic 5 Wood Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Abiotic

A

non-living or physical

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2
Q

Anthropogenic

A

factors that arise from human activity can be biotic or abiotic

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3
Q

Bioshere

A

part of the Earth that is inhabited by living organisms

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4
Q

Biotic

A

living factors

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5
Q

Community

A

the different populations that share an ecosystem or habitat

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6
Q

Ecosystem

A

consists of all living organisms in a given area including the abiotic factors (is DYNAMIC)

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7
Q

Edaphic

A

ground/soil related conditions e.g. pH, salinity

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8
Q

Habitat

A

particular place where an organism is found

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9
Q

Interspecific

A

competition between different species

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10
Q

Intraspecific

A

competition within the same species

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11
Q

Niche

A

the role of an organism within its environment e.g. where it lives, what eats, mates (two organisms can’t share the same niche)

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12
Q

Population

A

a group of individuals belonging to one species

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13
Q

Topography

A

height and gradient of the land e.g. altitude, slope, aspect. climate, drainage

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14
Q

Examples of abiotic factors

A
  • solar energy input
  • climate
  • topography
  • oxygen availability
  • edaphic factors
  • pollution
  • catastrophes
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15
Q

Examples of biotic factors

A
  • competition (both inter and intra specific)
  • grazing
  • predation
  • parasitism –> one depends on the other and only one gains something from it
  • mutualism –> both depend on each other and gain something from the relationship
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16
Q

Examples of anthropogenic factors

A
  • climate –>pollution
  • topography –> buildings
  • oxygen availability –> deforestation
  • competition –> destroying habitats, zoos
  • grazing –> control where they graze
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17
Q

Adaptations

A

species survive due to adaptations that enable them to cope with conditions in their niche

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18
Q

Carrying capacity

A

a central value that the environment can hold (more than central, too much competition)

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19
Q

Adaptations come about by

A

random spontaneous genetic mutations

20
Q

What methods give evidence for climate change?

A
  • temperature
  • ice cores
  • dendrochronology
  • pollen
21
Q

How do ice cores show climate change:

A
  • as water freezes, bubbles of air are trapped in the ice, this traps oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • the ratio of different oxygen isotopes present gives an estimate of average temperature when the ice was formed
  • carbon dioxide concentration of bubbles can be measured
  • ice core data is similar to directly measured data which suggests accuracy of technique and therefore ice core data
22
Q

What is peat?

A

an accumulation of partially decayed organic matter, mainly remains of dead plants

23
Q

What is within a peat bog?

A

decayed organic matter

24
Q

How do peat bogs slow/ stop decay rate?

A

the anaerobic and acidic conditions slow decay rate/ stop decay completely because no microbes or other organisms that allow decay to occur are within it

25
Q

How does pollen show climate change?

A
  • pollen falls to the ground
  • pollen is resistant to decay
  • each species of plant has distinct pollen
  • peat forms in layers –> older peat (carbon dated)
  • each species of plant has ecological conditions where it flourishes
  • pollen found in different layers of peat bogs can be used to indicate the conditions at that time
26
Q

Overview of evolution

A
  • variation within population
  • random spontaneous mutations
  • changing selection pressures
  • advantageous/ not –> survive, breed, pass on/extinction
  • changing allele frequencies due to inheritance
27
Q

Speciation observations

A
  • offspring resemble parents
  • all individuals display variation
  • all organisms have potential to produce large numbers of offspring
  • populations remain fairly constant
28
Q

Speciation conclusions

A
  • most offspring don’t survive to breed
  • only best adapted individuals survive to pass on characteristics
  • over time and with the correct circumstances a number of changes may give rise to new species
29
Q

Species

A

closely related individuals that can interbred successfully to produce fertile offspring

30
Q

Speciation

A

the formation of a new species from an existing one - there must be an isolating medium for it to occur

31
Q

Allopatric speciation

A
  • relies on physical barriers like mountains or islands to separate populations
  • new species arise due to genetic drift and local adaptation
32
Q

Sympatric speciation

A
  • organisms within the same habitat
  • new species arise due to different aspects within the habitat (food, mates, biochemical)
  • often species that won’t mate with in other in the wild will do so under lab conditions
33
Q

Ecological Isolation

A

species occupy different parts of the same habitat

34
Q

Temporal isolation

A

exist in the same area but reproduce at different times

35
Q

Behavioural isolation

A

exist in the same area but don’t respond to each others courtship behaviour

36
Q

Physical incompatibility

A

co-exist, but there are physical reasons that prevent them from having sex

37
Q

Hybrid inviability

A

produce hybrids, however they don’t survive long enough to breed

38
Q

Hybrid sterility

A

produce hybrids which survive to reproductive age but cannot reproduce

39
Q

Geographical isolation

A

separated by physical barriers

40
Q

Why are carbon dioxide levels increasing?

A

because the carbon cycle isn’t in balance –> this is due to combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation

41
Q

CO2 - combustion of fossil fuels

A

when fossil fuels are burnt, the carbon released is that that hasn’t been circulating in the atmosphere for millions of years, we’re burning them faster than they’re forming

42
Q

CO2 - deforestation

A

if an ecosystem is stable then photosynthesis = respiration, if cut down photosynthesis drops and eventually respiration drops and initial CO2 released > absorbed

43
Q

How can we maintain carbon balance?

A
  • use sustainable resources e.g. biofuels which are carbon neutral
  • reforestation –> would absorb some CO2 but there would be a limit to this and the ocean acts as carbon sinks
  • renewable energy sources
44
Q

Why increase quadrat size?

A
  • make it more precise

- easier to work out distribution of organisms

45
Q

Valid results

A
  • repeats
  • control variables
  • actually testing statement
  • no data on other factors
46
Q

How does the presence of organelles such as chloroplasts lead to greater efficiency in biochemical pathways within cells?

A

the organelles are specialised in function which leads to a greater efficiency as everything for a particular process is in one area of the cell - doesn’t need to be transported around

Biology (14 decks)

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