Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Topic 3 Wood > Flashcards

Topic 3 Wood Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What plant was used to find the role of the nucleus?

A

Acetabularia (mermaid cups)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Features of Acetabularia

A

has a cap (hat), stalk (stem) and a foot (rhizoid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What role does a group of genes called a homeobox genes play?

A

It’s an important role in the development of organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Process of differential gene expression

A
  • All cells have the full set of genes
  • Different genes are active in different cells
  • Only active genes are transcribed to produce mRNA (the transcriptome)
  • mRNA from the active genes is translated to produce proteins
  • The set of proteins (and enzymes) made by the cell (proteome) control the structure and function of a cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cell in differential gene expression

A

proteome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the epigenome influence?

A

which genes are transcribed in a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Histone modification

A

the binding of epigenetic markers to histone ‘tails’ alters how tightly DNA is wound around the histone proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

DNA methylation

A

Methyl group attaches to DNA; prevents transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What needs to happen to DNA to be transcribed?

A

-DNA needs to unwind –> must be accessible for transcription and to make proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Repressor molecules

A

methyl groups –> molecule that prevents transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can enzymes or chemical stimulus’ used for?

A

to remove methyl groups (blockers) that block RNA from transcribing the gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens when E-coli is left with glucose and lactose?

A

it needs to respire but is lazy so will use glucose first then it will need an enzyme to break down lactose into glucose and galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain the results of beta-galactosidase reaction

A
  • If lactose is not present, a repressor molecule binds to DNA which prevents transcription
  • If lactose is present the repressor molecule can’t bind to DNA because it will bind to lactose instead
  • The DNA is used to produce mRNA, which goes to the ribosome and results in the production of the enzyme beta-galactosidase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name a plant organ

A

Leaf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name a plant organ system

A

Root system, shoot system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name a plant tissue

A

spongy mesophyll

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Transcription summary

A
  • Occurs in the nucleus
  • The double helix unwinds as hydrogen bonds break between the bases
  • The enzyme RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA
  • The copy of the DNA strand created is called mRNA
  • This molecule then leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore and attaches to a ribosome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Translation summary

A
  • An anticodon on the tRNA binds to the codon on the mRNA
  • Each tRNA molecule has a specific amino acid attached to it
  • Peptide bonds join the amino acids to make a polypeptide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cellular organisation

A

Cells –> Tissue –> Organ –> Organ System

20
Q

Tissue

A

group of specialised cells working together to perform a function

21
Q

Organ

A

group of specialised tissues working together to perform a function

22
Q

Recognition proteins

A
  • also known as adhesion molecules determine which cells interact with each other
  • the genes expressed in a cell determine the recognition proteins that it has on its membrane
23
Q

Beta-galactosidase

A

enzyme produced by E-coli that breaks down lactose

24
Q

Zygote

A

first cell formed at fertilisation

25
Q

Specialisation

A

the ability to develop into any type of cell

26
Q

Epigenome

A

is defined as a network of chemical compounds surrounding DNA that modify the genome without altering the DNA sequences

27
Q

Master Genes

A
  • are essentially the blueprint and control the development of your cells
  • they produce mRNA that is translated into signal proteins
  • signal proteins switch on genes to produce different proteins at different stages of development
28
Q

Monohybrid Inheritance

A

a characteristic controlled by a single gene

29
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

a characteristic controlled by multiple genes

30
Q

Discontinuous variation

A

variation falls into distinct categories controlled by genes alone

31
Q

Continuous variation

A

variation could have any value within a given range controlled by genes and the environment

32
Q

Phenotype

A

characteristics resulting from an interaction between the genotype and the environment

33
Q

Multifactorial

A

lots of factors affecting it; genetic and environmental

34
Q

Locus

A

position of a gene on a chromosome

35
Q

Genotype

A

set of alleles that an organism has

36
Q

Are we getting taller? Why?

A
  • taller men have more children
  • better nutrition
  • improved healthcare
  • end of child labour so more energy for growth
37
Q

Melanin

A

a pigment

38
Q

tyrosine —-> melanin (catalysed by?)

A

tyrosinase

39
Q

What causes Himalayan rabbits and siamese cats to have different coloured parts?

A
  • They have mutant alleles that have temperature sensitive versions of the tyrosinase enzyme
  • A light body means warm, enzyme inactive, melanin not made
  • Dark Extremities means cold, enzyme active, melanin produced
40
Q

When does cancer occur?

A

when the rate of cell multiplication is faster than the rate of cell death - this causes tumour growth

41
Q

What is the rate of cell divisions a result of?

A

mutations that stop the genes that control the cell cycle from working properly

42
Q

Why do these mutations occur?

A

Due to damage to the DNA

43
Q

What can cause mutations in the DNA?

A
  • UV light
  • chemical carcinogens
  • spontaneous
44
Q

Oncogene

A

A gene that codes for proteins that stimulates the transition from one stage of the cell cycle to the next. When mutated it can lead to the cell cycle being continually active

45
Q

Tumour Suppressor Gene

A

Produce suppressor proteins that stop the cell cycle. Mutations mean there is no brake on the cell cycle

46
Q

Cancer and the cell cycle

A

the progression and inhibition of different stages is controlled carefully but cancerous cells don’t respond to these mechanisms

Biology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions