Topic 1 Ford Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration

A

Oxygen + Glucose –> Carbon Dioxide + Water (+Energy)

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2
Q

Purpose of a circulatory system

A

delivers oxygen and glucose to your cells for respiration and removes carbon dioxide and water

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3
Q

Why do we need a circulatory system?

A

because diffusion is not fast enough to transport the amount of molecules we need. Also organisms maintaining their body temp. have a higher metabolic demand so they need a more efficient system

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4
Q

Circulatory system

A

allows for MASS FLOW which overcomes the limitations of diffusion in meeting the requirements of an organism

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5
Q

Factors affecting need for a transport system

A
  • size
  • surface area to volume ratio
  • metabolic rate
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6
Q

Mass Flow

A

the particles in a fluid move in one direction through tubes due to a difference in PRESSURE; high to low valves permitting

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7
Q

Types of circulatory system

A
  • Open
  • Closed - single
  • Closed - double
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8
Q

Open circulatory system

A

-blood not always held in vessels
-blood circulates through the body cavity and tissues
Generally occurs in smaller animals that have separate tubes for gases

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9
Q

Closed circulatory system

A
  • blood stays in vessels
  • this generates a higher blood pressure so the blood travels faster and is more efficient at delivering nutrients and removing waste
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10
Q

Which organisms don’t need a circulatory systems?

A

Smaller organisms with a larger surface area to volume ratio don’t need a circulatory system because their cells are close enough that diffusion can occur

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11
Q

What is an advantage of having two separate circuits?

A

There will be no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood - higher concentration gradient. It also allows the blood to be pumped at two different pressures so there’s no damage to lungs or body tissues

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12
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood Away from the heart

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13
Q

veINs

A

carry blood INto the heart

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14
Q

Capillaries

A

exchange substances with body Cells (link arterioles to venules)

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15
Q

Venules

A

collect blood from capillaries and lead it back to veins

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16
Q

Arterioles

A

control blood flow from arteries to capillaries

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17
Q

veins

A
  • wider lumen
  • valves
  • thinner muscle layer
  • less elastic fibres
18
Q

arteries

A
  • narrower lumen
  • no valves
  • thicker muscle layer
  • more elastic fibres
  • more collagen fibres
19
Q

capillaries

A
  • very narrow lumen

- single cell layer endothelium

20
Q

Blood

A

Fluid in our circulatory system containing:

  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
  • plasma
21
Q

Water

A

is a polar molecule - oxygen slightly negative, hydrogen slightly positive

22
Q

Why is water a good solvent?

A

because it is a polar molecule, charged or polar ions cover all sides of a water molecule due to the different charges.

23
Q

Water’s hydrogen bonds

A
  • one hydrogen bond is weak but multiple are very strong

- means water has a high specific heat capacity helping organisms to maintain a steady temperature

24
Q

Typical blood pressure

25
Blood pressure
hydrostatic force of the blood against the walls of a blood vessel
26
Systolic blood pressure
when the ventricles are contracting - maximum blood pressure when heart contracts
27
Diastolic blood pressure
when both atria and ventricles are relaxed - minimum blood pressure in an artery
28
Hypertension
elevated blood pressure
29
oedema
a sign of high blood pressure - fluid building up in tissues and causing swelling
30
Peripheral resistance
friction between the blood and the artery wall will slow down blood flow, is highest in capillaries
31
Red blood cells
carries oxygen
32
Platelets
blood clotting
33
White blood cells
immune system - antitoxins, antibodies, engulf pathogens
34
Plasma
water based fluid carrying: glucose, CO2, urea, lactic acid, vitamins, amino acids, hormones
35
Risk Factor: Genetics
- tendency to high blood pressure and poor cholesterol metabolism - arteries that damage easily - mutations in genes that control HDL:LDL ratio
36
Risk Factor: Gender
-oestrogen gives women some protection before menopause, post menopause this protection is lost and CVD risk increases
37
Risk Factor: Ageing
-elasticity and width of arteries decreases
38
Risk Factor: Diet
-many correlations; saturated fat, cholesterol, lipoprotein
39
Risk Factor: High blood pressure
-leads to damage of arteries
40
Risk Factor: Smoking
-correlation and causation; chemicals cause damage to arteries and cause them to constrict
41
Risk Factor: Inactivity
-regular exercise reduces blood pressure and raises HDL levels
42
Risk Factor: Obesity
-increases risk of CVD and type 2 diabetes