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Biology > Topic 4 Ford > Flashcards

Topic 4 Ford Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Adaptation

A

A feature which helps an organism survive. Can be behavioural, physiological or anatomical

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2
Q

Behavioural

A

actions by organism

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3
Q

Physiological

A

features of the internal workings of organisms

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4
Q

Anatomical

A

structures you can see when you observe or dissect an organism

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5
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety in living organisms

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6
Q

Biodiversity - species diversity

A

measure of the number of different species present in a particular habitat

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7
Q

Biodiversity - genetic diversity

A

diversity within a species

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8
Q

Biodiversity - ecosystem diversity

A

a wide range of different habitats in an area

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9
Q

Community

A

All the living organisms found in a particular place at a particular time

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10
Q

Ecosystem

A

All the organisms living in a particular area as well as the non-living features of their environment

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11
Q

Endemic species

A

A species restricted to one geographical area and not found in any other area

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12
Q

Gene

A

Sequence of nucleotides on a chromosome which codes for the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

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13
Q

Gene Flow

A

passing of genes/alleles from one member of a species to another

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14
Q

Gene locus

A

position of a gene on a chromosome

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15
Q

Gene pool

A

all the alleles of all the genes present within a population

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16
Q

Genetic diversity

A
  • the number of different alleles within a population/ gene pool
  • greater variation of genotypes - more genetically diverse (more heterozygotes)
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17
Q

Habitat

A

the particular place, with a distinct set of conditions, where a community of organisms is found

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18
Q

Niche

A

the precise role of an organism withing its environment; what it does, where it lives etc. No two species have the same ecological niche

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19
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals belonging to one species - generally found in the same place at a time and are able to breed with each other

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20
Q

Speciation

A

formation of a new species

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21
Q

Species

A

a group of organisms with a similar morphology, physiology and behaviour which can interbreed to create fertile offspring

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22
Q

Species richness

A

the number of different species within a habitat at any one time

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23
Q

Morphology

A

look at appearance

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24
Q

Molecular phylogeny

A

look for similarities in DNA, RNA and proteins between two species

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25
Q

Ecological niche

A

the way that an organisms exploits its habitat

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26
Q

Adapted

A

when an organism is specialised to suit the ecosystem it lives in

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27
Q

Co-adaptations

A

adaptations of two organisms hat evolve in tandem and become dependent on each other for survival

28
Q

What is natural selection?

A

when organisms become adapted so they have a unique ecological niche

29
Q

What will happen if 2 species occupy the same niche?

A

they will have to compete until one out-competes the other

30
Q

How does evolution come about?

A

by random genetic variation, natural selection and survival of the fittest

31
Q

Allele frequency

A

the number of times a specific allele exists in a population

32
Q

When can the Hardy-Weinberg principle be applied?

A

If the population is:

  • large
  • has random mating
  • no mutations
  • no emigration or immigration
  • experiences no natural selection
33
Q

What does the speed at which a population evolves depend on?

A
  • strength of the selection pressure
  • size of the gene pool
  • reproductive rate of organisms
34
Q

Evolution

A

a change in allele frequency over time

35
Q

King Prawn Curry Or Fat Greasy Sausages

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

36
Q

What makes up the binomial name?

A

the latin version of the Genus for the 1st word and the latin for the species for the 2nd - Genus has a capital letter whereas species has a lower case

37
Q

What did Carl Woese do?

A
  • worked on evolutionary relationships between groups of bacteria using RNA sequencing
  • He noticed that one group (methanogens) had very different sequences from other bacteria
  • He proposed the idea of having 3 domains: Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotes
38
Q

How did Carl Woese go about sharing his ideas?

A
  • He made observations, collected evidence

- Then published his research in a peer reviewed scientific journal and spoke at conferences

39
Q

How do you measure species richness?

A

count the number of different species

40
Q

How do you measure species evenness

A

measure the number and abundance of each species

41
Q

What does a diversity index show?

A

is used to calculate a quantitative score of diversity that takes into account both richness and evenness

42
Q

The more genetically diverse a population…

A

the more different combinations of alleles there will be in the population

43
Q

If genetically diverse…

A

there’s more heterozygotes

44
Q

Why is variation important?

A

if the environment changes due to illness or surroundings etc then it makes the population more resistant to changes in their environment

45
Q

Why are smaller populations more vulnerable?

A

because they are more likely to lose alleles from their gene pool and become less genetically diverse

46
Q

Reasons for conservation (zoos)

A
  • all species have a right to exist
  • preservation of biodiversity for the benefit and enjoyment of future generations
  • for aesthetic reasons
  • for economic reasons
  • for practical reasons
  • for ecological reasons to avoid destabilisation
47
Q

In-Situ conservation approach

A
  • is preferable to protect and manage species habitats so those at risk can recover in their natural environment
  • managing habitats may include enhancing the available shelter and sources of food, or by introducing measures to reduce predation
48
Q

Ex-situ conservation

A
  • in some cases organisms may need to be removed from their original habitat
  • generally more expensive but may be the only option
49
Q

What is the role of zoos?

A
  • education
  • centres for scientific research
  • centres for captive breeding
  • enable reintroduction of endangered species back to the wild
50
Q

Mechanisms of conservation

A
  • breeding endangered species in captivity
  • reduce habitat loss (restrict industrial and urban development)
  • reintroducing captive bred species to the wild
  • introducing laws to protect wildlife and the environment
  • establishing national parks, nature reserves and other conservation areas
  • educating people about the need for conservation
51
Q

Genetic Drift

A

some alleles may purely by chance not get passed on to offspring, leading to a reduction in genetic diversity

52
Q

Inbreeding depression

A

a reduction in genetic diversity can lead to an increase in recessive alleles - more likely to inherit homozygous recessive, as a result are less likely to survive and reproduce

53
Q

How can we help make species reintroduction to the wild more successful?

A
  • keep them in their native habitat
  • teach them skills e.g. food, defend themselves, shelter
  • captive breeding successful
54
Q

How can we reduce inbreeding and maintain genetic diversity within captive breeding?

A
  • partner selection/ IVF
  • keep a stud book/ records
  • DNA profiling
  • don’t allow the same individual to continually breed together
55
Q

Germination

A

when the root and shoot appear from the seed (not the same as growing)

56
Q

Why are seeds vital for plant survival? They’re adapted to ensure they…

A
  • protect the embryo
  • aid dispersal
  • store nutrients for the new plant to start growing (starch for energy)
57
Q

Seeds in a dormant state…

A

no chemical reactions take place

58
Q

What is a dormant seed?

A

a seed that is unable to germinate at that time - it’s a mechanism to delay germination until conditions are suitable

59
Q

Viability

A

the ability of a seed to brake dormancy or germinate

60
Q

Unviable seeds…

A

won’t ever germinate even in suitable conditions

61
Q

What are advantages of storing seeds in a seed bank?

A
  • it’s cheap
  • few ethical issues
  • don’t take up much space
62
Q

What 2 conditions are important for storing seeds correctly? Why?

A

-20°C, low humidity (cold and dry)

this slows the metabolism so it reduces the rate of enzyme controlled reactions

63
Q

How can we conserve plants?

A

either in-situ - in their natural habitat or ex-situ - in seed banks or botanical gardens

64
Q

How can we maintain genetic diversity at a seed bank?

A

by collecting seeds from different places and different plants

65
Q

What happens to all seeds over time?

A

they lose their viability because the cells may die and it may become less metabolically active (if they remain viable they’ll wait for the right/advantageous conditions before germinating

Biology (14 decks)

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