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Biology > Topic 3 Ford > Flashcards

Topic 3 Ford Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Eukaryotic meaning

A

meaning ‘true nucleus’, have membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

Prokaryotic meaning

A

meaning ‘no nucleus’, have no membrane bound organelles

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3
Q

Organelle

A

structure within a cell - the structure will relate to its function

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4
Q

Nucleus

A
  • has a double membrane with pores in it

- contains chromosomes (made of DNA, contain genes that control synthesis of proteins) and a nucleolus

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5
Q

Nucleolus

A
  • darker staining region within the nucleus –> is active so is darker
  • dense body where ribosomes are made, makes rRNA and pre-ribosome particles
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6
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Made of rRNA and proteins
  • Can be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rER
  • This is the site of protein synthesis
  • In Eukaryotic cells they are 80S (in prokaryotes they’re 70S)
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7
Q

rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • a system of interconnected membrane bound, flattened sacs
  • ribosomes are attached to the outer surface
  • Proteins are made on the ribosomes and then transported to other parts of the cell
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8
Q

Cell membrane

A

-phospholipid bilayer containing proteins and other molecules forming a partially permeable barrier

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9
Q

smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • system of interconnected membrane bound, flattened sacs but without ribosomes attached to the surface
  • are involved in the synthesis of lipids and steroids
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10
Q

Mitochondrion (Mitochondria - plural)

A
  • have a double membrane, with inner membrane foldings called cristae
  • site of later stages of aerobic respiration (where ATP is produced)
  • number found in cells depends on energy requirements of the cell
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11
Q

Centrioles

A
  • hollow cylinders made up of a ring of 9 microtubules
  • are needed for the formation of the spindle during cell division and in transport within the cytoplasm
  • always come in pairs which are placed at 90° to each other
  • not found in plant cells
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12
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • spherical sacs containing digestive enzymes bound by a single membrane
  • are used to breakdown unwanted substances in the cell and for the destruction of whole cells
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13
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • stacks of parallel, flattened, membrane bound sacs of decreasing size
  • they’re formed by the fusion of vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum
  • modifies proteins and packages them into vesicles for transport
  • vesicles arrive at the cis face and leave at the trans face
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14
Q

Features of a prokaryotic cell

A
  • contains no nucleus
  • no membrane bound organelles
  • all unicellular
  • have circular chromosomes not associated with histone proteins
  • smaller 70S ribosomes
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15
Q

Processes cells need to do:

A
  • make proteins/enzymes
  • repair damage
  • replicate
  • respiration
  • storage
  • transport
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16
Q

Cells are dynamic

A

nothing is static; there is continual movement and change

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17
Q

Mitosis

A
  • 2 body cells created
  • 46 chromosomes in daughter cells
  • 1 division
  • not identical to the parent cell
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18
Q

Meiosis

A
  • 4 gametes created
  • 23 chromosomes in daughter cells
  • 2 divisions
  • gives rise to variation
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19
Q

How does genetic variation occur?

A

Due to random assortment and crossing over. Could also be due to random fertilisation and mutations.

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20
Q

Independent Assortment

A

Wen the chromosomes pair up with their homologous pair. The way the sister chromatids line up can be different and the DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF ALLELES produced creates variation. Variation is caused due to the random alignments of the homologous chromosomes in the first division

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21
Q

Crossing Over

A

Creates variation by producing chromosomes that contain different combinations of alleles from both parents (molecular scissors). Makes chromosomes that neither parent made; essentially cut and stick

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22
Q

What is the point of intersection between 2 chromosomes in crossing over called?

A

Chiasma (chiasmata)

23
Q

Sex Linkage

A

gene on the X chromosome (males are more likely to have it than females –> they have 2 alleles so have a greater chance of getting a dominant allele to cancel out recessive allele)

24
Q

Linkage groups

A

inherit alleles on the same chromosome

25
Q

Independent inheritance

A
  • genes on separate chromosomes will be inherited independently
  • alleles on the same chromosome will be linked and inherited together unless crossing over occurs to separate them
26
Q

Why is the cell cycle important?

A
  • produces (new cells) growth in multicellular organisms
  • replacing/repairing tissues in multicellular organisms
  • asexual reproduction in a unicellular organism
27
Q

How can the cell cycle be split up?

A

It can be split into 2 parts: Interphase consisting of G1, S and G2 and Division (mitosis)

28
Q

What happens in G1 (GAP1)?

A

chromosomes unravel, proteins are made, the cell is growing and organelles are being replicated

29
Q

What happens in S (synthesis)?

A

DNA replicates and 2 sister chromatids are made

30
Q

What happens in G2 (GAP2)?

A

growth in preparation for cell division

31
Q

Cell Cycle

A

I - interphase

P - prophase
M - metaphase
A - anaphase
T - telophase

C - cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis)

32
Q

Mitosis - Prophase

A
  • chromosomes condense and become visible as 2 sister chromatids join at the centromere
  • also a spindle is starting to form
  • the centrioles position themselves at opposite ends of the cell (poles) and begin to make spindle fibres between them
33
Q

What is the widest part of the spindle (cell)?

A

the equator

34
Q

Mitosis - Metaphase

A
  • chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

- the centromeres attach to the spindle fibres along the equator

35
Q

Mitosis - Anaphase

A
  • the centromeres split so the sister chromatids pull apart
  • the poles move further apart and the spindle fibres shorten causing them to move apart
  • one chromatid is pulled to each of the poles
36
Q

Mitosis - Telophase

A
  • each chromosome unravels and 2 nuclei form so the 2 sets of genetic information become enclosed in separate nuclei
  • the chromosomes then decondense and the spindle fibres break down
37
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  • the cell surface membrane constricts around the centre of the cell
  • it contracts until the cell is divided into two new cells each with their own nucleus
38
Q

Centromere

A

where the 2 chromosomes are joined together

39
Q

Chromatids

A

duplicated chromosomes attached at the centromere

40
Q

What is the name of the process by which bacteria reproduce asexually?

A

binary fission

41
Q

Stem cells

A

an undifferentiated cell that can differentiate (divide and change) into different types of specialised cell

42
Q

Specialised cell

A

A cell that has undergone differentiation to carry out a specific job. Can no longer undergo mitosis

43
Q

Differentiation

A

The process by which cells become specialised. This can’t be reversed in animal cells

44
Q

Potency

A

A measure of how many types of specialised cell a stem cell can make

45
Q

How many different cell types are there in a human?

A

216

46
Q

Pluripotency

A

Has the potential to develop into most types of cell

47
Q

Totipotency

A

Has the potential to develop into all types of cell

48
Q

Multipotency

A

Retains the ability to develop into some other types of cell

49
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilised egg cell. A single totipotent cell

50
Q

Embryo

A

Formed when a zygote divides. It is the group of increasingly specialised cells up to about the 8th week of development

51
Q

Blastocyst

A

A hollow ball of cells, containing an inner cell mass which will implant into the lining of the uterus and develop into the multicellular organism

52
Q

Self-renewal

A

A property that stem cells have which enables them to make new stem cells to maintain a pool of stem cells for use through an organisms life

53
Q

Which stem cells are best for use in medicine?

A

totipotent stem cells as they can develop into any type of cell so they have a great capacity but you need to get them from embryos which causes ethical issues

Biology (14 decks)

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