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Anatomy and Physiology: YEAR 2 > Topic 5: The brain > Flashcards

Topic 5: The brain Flashcards

1
Q

how much of the bodies oxygen supply does the brain require

A

20%

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2
Q

how many minutes of lack of oxygen results in permanent damage

A

4mins lack of oxygen

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3
Q

the brain requires a continuous supply of?

A

glucose

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4
Q

What is the brain protected by?

A

The blood-brain barrier

Allows lipid soluble materials: O2, CO2, alcohol, anaesthetic agents but controls entry of other materials

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5
Q

What is the brain blood supply created by

A

Created by tight capillaries and glial cells: astrocytes

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6
Q

What does the brain stem consist of?

A
  • continuous with spinal cord

Consists of Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

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7
Q

Brain stem: Medulla

Explain the structure, location and function of the medulla

A
  • Found in inferior/lower part of brainstem
  • Made up of white matter extending between spinal cord & other parts of brain

Contains several nuclei/clusters of cell bodies:
- 3 Vital Reflex Centres
- Cardiovascular centre (heart rate)
- Medullary rhythmicity area - (respiratory rhythm)
- Vasomotor –(vasoconstriction): Other sensory & reflex motor areas
e.g. sneezing, coughing and vomiting.

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8
Q

Brain stem: Pons

Explain the location/ structure/function of the pons

A
  • Located above/superior to medulla oblongata
  • Connects the spinal cord with the brain
  • links one part of the brain with another by way of tracts/groups of nerve axons.
  • Nerves tract cross here
  • nerves supplying left side of body cross to right side of brain - and from right side of body to left side of brain.
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9
Q

Brain stem: Midbrain

Explain the location/ structure/function of the midbrain

A
  • Connects pons to Diencephalon
  • Conveys motor impulses from cerebrum to cerebellum and spinal cord
  • Contains the substantia nigra: areas affected by Parkinson’s disease - dopamine
  • Conveys sensory impulses from spinal cord to thalamus.
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10
Q

What does the Diencephalon consist of

A

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, pineal gland

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11
Q

Explain the function of the thalamus

A
  • Critical relay for sensory input
  • Transmits motor information from cerebellum & basal nuclei to cerebrum
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12
Q

Explain the function of the hypothalamus

A
  • important for homeostasis
  • Control of ANS-regulation of many activities
  • Control of pituitary and hormone production
  • Regulation of emotional & behaviour patterns
  • Regulation of eating & drinking
  • Control of body temperature
  • Regulation of circadian rhythms & states of consciousness
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13
Q

Explain the function of the Pineal gland

A
  • secretes melatonin which promotes sleep
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14
Q

Where is the cerebrum located in the brain

A

at the top and largest part of the brain

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15
Q

What is the surface of the cerebrum covered by and what is beneath

A

Surface covered with grey matter- cortex

Beneath is cerebral white matter

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16
Q

Describe structure of the cerebrum (6 points)

A
  1. Cerebral cortex: grey matter/cell bodies
  2. Internal white matter
  3. Surface folds: gyri – gyrus (singular)
  4. Grooves between sulci - sulcus
  5. Longitudinal Fissure: divides it into left & right hemispheres
  6. Connected by corpus callosum
17
Q

Each cerebral hemisphere has 4 lobes: What are they

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

18
Q

What are the 3 function areas of the brain known as

A
  • Sensory areas: receive input and responsible for perception
  • Motor areas: Initiate movements
  • Associative areas: complex integration: e.g. memory, emotion, reasoning, etc.
19
Q

What is brain lateralisation

A

Left side receives input from & sends output to right side of body and vice versa

20
Q

What is the left side of the brain more important for

A
  • Spoken & written language
  • numerical & scientific skills
  • reasoning
21
Q

What is the right side of the brain more important for

A
  • more involved with spatial and pattern recognition and emotional content
22
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

back of brain stem

23
Q

What does the Cranial meninges (continuous with spinal meninges) consist of?

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater & pia mater

24
Q

Describe the structure of the cerebellum

A
  • Two cerebellar hemispheres: posterior to medulla and pons, below cerebrum
  • Cerebellar cortex: grey matter
  • Interior: white matter & nuclei
  • Attached to brain stem via cerebellar peduncles
25
Q

Explain cerebellar function

A
  • Receives wide range of sensory input
  • Co-ordinates skeletal muscles: Maintenance of normal muscle tone, Regulates posture and balance
  • Functions noticeable after excessive alcohol intake: ataxia/lack of muscle co-ordination
26
Q

Explain the process of aging in the brain

A
  • Rapid growth during first few years
  • Size of neurons & proliferation of neuroglia
  • Increases development of dendritic branches & synaptic contacts
  • Decline in brain mass from early adulthood onwards.

Anatomy and Physiology: YEAR 2 (17 decks)

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