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Anatomy and Physiology: YEAR 2 > Topic 2 Cells: Structure and function > Flashcards

Topic 2 Cells: Structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

The 3 parts of cell structure are:

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Cytoplasm: cytosol + organelles
  3. Nucleus
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2
Q

What are the 4 parts of cell membrane?

A
  1. Phospholipid bilayer
  2. Cholesterol
  3. Proteins
  4. attached carbohydrates
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3
Q

Explain membrane function

A

Barrier between inside and outside of cell

Controls entry of materials - Transport

Receives chemical and mechanical signals

Transmits signals between intra- and extra cellular spaces

Barrier>Control>Receive>Transmit

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4
Q

How much does intracellular fluid make up of the body fluids

A

Intracellular (ICF)- 2/3 of total

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5
Q

What are the 3 extracellular fluids and where are they found?

A
  1. Interstitial> between cells
  2. Plasma> blood vessels
  3. Lymphatic> lymphatic vessels
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6
Q

Name the 4 different types of solutions?

A
  1. Solvent
  2. Solute
  3. Concentration
  4. Concentration gradient
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7
Q

Explain what solvent is

A

The thing that does the dissolving

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8
Q

Explain what solute is

A

It is the material that is dissolved

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9
Q

Explain what concentration is

A

The amount of solute in a given amount of solvent

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10
Q

Explain what concentration gradient is

A

The difference in concentration between two areas of solution

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11
Q

What are the 5 membrane transport mechanisms?

A
  1. Simple Diffusion
  2. Facilitated Diffusion
  3. Osmosis
  4. Active Transport
  5. Transport in vesicles
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12
Q

What type of transport is diffusion?

A

Passive transport

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13
Q

What are the 5 requirements for simple diffusion?

A
  1. Concentration gradient of solute
  2. Can diffuse across a membrane
  3. Passive transport: Diffusion
  4. Either dissolve in the lipid membrane (e.g. O2, CO2, lipid soluble vitamins)
  5. if charged, must go through channels (Specialised ion channels that can open and shut = (gated channels))
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14
Q

What are the 4 key points of facilitated diffusion

A
  1. Requires a carrier in membrane
  2. Only goes down concentration gradient
  3. Saturates = maximum speed
  4. Maximum speed dependent on carrier number
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15
Q

What are the 2 key points of osmosis?

A
  1. Diffusion of water
  2. Must have a semi - permeable membrane
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16
Q

What are the 5 key points of active transport?

A
  1. Requires a carrier
  2. Requires energy (ATP)
  3. Can transport up a concentration gradient
  4. Critical for moving important ions
  5. Major active transport in most cells = Sodium-potassium (Na+/K+) pump
17
Q

What are the 4 key points for Transport in Vesicles?

A
  1. Requires energy
  2. Involves small membrane sac
  3. Endocytosis - importing
    materials
  4. Exocytosis- exporting materials
18
Q

What is included in the cytoplasm?

A
  1. Cell contents
  2. Includes organelles and cytosol
  3. Excludes nucleus
19
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. Maintains the shape of cell
  2. Locates and transports organelles
  3. Changes cell shape
  4. Includes: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
20
Q

Key points of centrosome?

A
  1. Centriole
  2. Pericentriolar material
21
Q

3 key points of Cilia and flagella

A
  1. Specialised for motion
  2. Flagella=single, Cilia=groups
  3. Found in respiratory system - move mucous
22
Q

3 key points of ribosomes

A
  1. Sites of protein synthesis
  2. Made up of Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and Ribosomal Proteins
  3. Can be attached to endoplasmic reticulum or free in cytosol
23
Q

5 key points of endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  1. Synthesis and intracellular transport
  2. Lipid synthesis – smooth E.R.
  3. Protein synthesis- rough E.R.
  4. Protein modification
  5. Transport of molecules around the cell
24
Q

Site of lipid synthesis?

A

Smooth ER

25
Q

Site of protein synthesis?

A

Rough ER

26
Q

3 key points about the golgi complex

A
  1. Modify and package proteins e.g. lipoproteins and glycoproteins
  2. Some packaged into vesicles=>
  3. Lysosomes or export by exocytosis
27
Q

List the 3 types of small bodies

A
  1. Lysosomes
  2. Peroxisomes
  3. Proteosomes
28
Q

Role of lysosomes

A

Contain digestive enzymes

29
Q

Role of peroxisomes

A

Oxidise for detoxification, Abundant in liver

30
Q

Role of proteosomes

A

Digest proteins

31
Q

What is the Mitochondrial function

A
  • Energy (ATP) production
  • Oxygen is consumed and nutrients are “burned” oxidised.
32
Q

Explain the structure and function of the nucleus

A

Structure:
- Round or oval structure
- Surrounded by nuclear envelope
– double membrane which contains openings = Nuclear pores
- Can include a nucleolus – site of ribosomal RNA synthesis

Function:
- Store genetic material
- Copy information for transfer
to new cells and cytosol for protein synthesis

33
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology: YEAR 2 (17 decks)

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