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Anatomy and Physiology: YEAR 2 > Topic 4: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Topic 4: Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What components does the integumentary system include?

A

Skin, nails and hair

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2
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the structure of the skin?

A

Epidermis and dermis

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3
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

The surface epithelial layer

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4
Q

What is the dermis?

A

deeper connective tissue layer

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5
Q

What is the additional subcutaneous layer of connective tissue connecting the skin to deeper structures but is not classified as skin?

A

This layer is called SUPERFICIAL FASCIA or HYPODERMIS.

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6
Q

What does the epidermis consist of?

A
  • Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Composed of FOUR cell types:
Keratinocytes – major group
Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells

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7
Q

What is the structure and function of keratinocytes?

A

Structure:
Make up 90% of epidermal cells and consist of 4-5 layers

Function: Produce keratin, Protect and waterproof skin

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8
Q

Keratinocytes in the Epidermis are usually found in what structure?

A

stacked on top of each in layers

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9
Q

Size and shape of keratinocytes in the epidermis depend on what factors?

A

Depend on where the epithelium is located

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10
Q

The epidermis can be described as having what?

A

Having 4 or 5 strata or sublayers: with each stratum having cells with particular features

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11
Q

Name the 4/5 strata that can be present in the epidermis

A
  1. Stratum basale
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum
  5. Stratum Corneum
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12
Q

Stratum basale: Explain the main characteristics

A
  1. The single layer of low columnar or cuboidal cells at the base of the epidermis (basal layer).
  2. These are the stem cells of the epidermis
  3. Renewal of the epidermis takes about 3-4 weeks.
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13
Q

STRATUM SPINOSUM: Explain the key characteristics

A
  1. Several layers of polyhedral cells joined by many desmosomes (specialised cell junctions that increase adhesion)
  2. spinous layer
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14
Q

STRATUM GRANULOSUM: State the key characteristics

A
  1. In thick skin, a few layers of flattened cells with cytoplasmic granules (granular layer).
  2. In thin skin only one layer may be visible.
  3. Nuclei begin to degenerate.
  4. Cytoplasm contains many fine grains of keratohyalin granules, which release their lipid contents into the interstitial space. This acts as a protective barrier.
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15
Q

STRATUM LUCIDUM: State the 3 key characteristics

A
  1. Cannot be identified in thin skin.
  2. Several layers of flattened cells.
  3. Nuclei are hardly visible.
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16
Q

STRATUM CORNEUM: State the 4 key characteristics

A
  1. Protection of the body by the epidermis is essentially due to the functional features of this layer.
  2. Consists of several to many layers of flattened keratinised (dead) cells (keratinised layer)
  3. Cells are completely filled with keratin filaments embedded in a dense matrix of proteins.
  4. Individual cells are difficult to observe because nuclei are not very visible, cells are very flat and the space between cells is full of lipids that cement the cells together.
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17
Q

Give a summary of Epidermal Layers

A
  • Generally 4 visible strata (layers)
  • Stratum basale – includes stem cells
  • Stratum spinosum – 8-10 cell layer
  • Cells beginning to look flattened
  • Stratum granulosum – increase in keratin
  • Losing cell organelles and nuclei
  • Include lamellar granules = waterproofing lipid (Stratum lucidum in thick skin only)
  • Stratum corneum – flattened dead cells
  • Cells shed and are replaced from below
  • mostly keratin-filled
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18
Q

Describe the characteristics of thick skin.

A
  • Covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
  • is different from skin everywhere else in the body
    has a very thick stratum corneum
  • although thick, this skin is very sensitive to mechanical stimuli, especially the epidermis on the fingertips.
  • the basal surface of the epidermis of thick skin is formed into deep folds that makes its attachment to the dermis very strong.
  • the folds correspond to the valleys between the surface ridges of the epidermis that we see as fingerprints on the hands.
  • Also called FRICTION SKIN because it helps us get a grip on objects in our external environment.

also called GLABROUS (SMOOTH) SKIN because it completely lacks hairs.

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19
Q

What is the function of melanocytes

A
  • produce melanin
  • Transfer pigment to keratinocytes

8% of epidermal cells

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20
Q

What is the function of Langerhans Cells

A

Immune response:

collectively form a defensive network in the epidermis.
are found mostly in the stratus spinosum.

are phagocytic cells that engulf foreign materials that invade the epidermis.

in contact with an antigen (foreign protein), migrate out of the epidermis and skin to lymph nodes.

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21
Q

What is the function of Merkel cells

A

Sensory: Include tactile disc and neuron = touch sensation

Merkel Cell Complexes are found in the stratum basale, they are abundant in thick skin in the palms of hands and soles of feet (planter surfaces) and interact with free nerve endings (non-myelinated), which are sensitive to touch (mechanoreceptors).

They are mostly found in thick skin, on the palms of hands and soles of feet.

They are difficult to tell apart from Melanocytes.

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22
Q

What 3 factors contribute to skin colour?

A
  1. The amount and kind of melanin in the epidermis.
  2. The amount of carotene deposited in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous tissue.
  3. The amount of oxygen bound to haemoglobin in the dermal blood vessels
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23
Q

What colour is melanin in the epidermis

A

Yellow, reddish brown, or black

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24
Q

What is the term for the blueish tinge when oxygen levels are low

A

Cyanosis

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25
Q

Abnormalities in Skin Pigmentation: What is albinism?

A
  • Inherited recessive disorder
  • little or no melanin
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26
Q

Abnormalities in Skin Pigmentation: What is melasma?

A

Dark brown symmetric areas on face and neck

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27
Q

Abnormalities in Skin Pigmentation: What is pigment loss after skin damage?

A

burns, scars etc.

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28
Q

Abnormalities in Skin Pigmentation: What is vitiligo

A

Smooth white patches in skin due to loss of melanocytes

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29
Q

Skin cancer: What is basal cell carcinoma?

A
  • 75% of all skin cancers
  • highly treatable and starts in the basal cell layer of the epidermis
  • grows very slowly
30
Q

Abnormalities in Skin Pigmentation: What are birthmarks?

A

Abnormal blood vessels or malformed pigment cells

31
Q

Skin cancer: What is squamous cell carcinoma?

A
  • Approx 20%
  • more aggressive (can spread) but treatable
32
Q

Skin cancer: What is melanoma?

A
  • 5% of all cancers however makes up 73% of deaths
  • starts in melanocytes, usually in a mole and spreads very quickly
33
Q

What is jaundice and why does it happen?

A
  • Abnormal yellow skin tone
  • usually signifies a liver disorder in which bile pigments are absorbed into the blood, circulated throughout the body, and deposited in the body tissues.
34
Q

What are Haematomas and why do they develop?

A

-Bruises or black and blue marks: reveal sites where blood has escaped from the circulation and has clotted in the tissue spaces. Such clotted blood masses are called haematomas.

An unusual tendency to bruising may signify a deficiency of vitamin C in the diet or haemophilia – also a sign of leukaemia

Elderly people bruise more easily as epidermis is thinner and capillaries are more delicate

35
Q

What are the 3 accessory structures?

A

Hair
Skin glands
Nails

36
Q

Where is hair found?

A
  • Found on most skin surfaces
  • Not on palmar surfaces of hand and fingers or plantar surfaces of feet i.e. not in thick skin
37
Q

What is hair made of?

A
  • Made of fused keratinized cells
  • Consists of shaft & root
  • Surrounded by hair follicle
  • Base is bulb which includes growing matrix producing cells
38
Q

What are the nerves and muscles in hair?

A

Nerves - hair root plexuses
Muscle - arrector pili

39
Q

What are the 3 types of epidermal glands?

A
  1. sebaceous glands
  2. sudoriferous
  3. Ceruminous Glands
40
Q

What is the function of sebaceous glands?

A
  • Secrete oily sebum
  • connected to hair follicles
41
Q

What are the two types of sudoriferous glands and the differences between them?

A

Eccrine sweat gland: Wide distribution - thermoregulation

Apocrine sweat gland: Axilla, groin, areolae (pigmented area surrounding nipples), beard.
Contain other cell material and produce pheromones

42
Q

What is the function of ceruminous glands?

A

External auditory canal, Combine with sebum to produce earwax

43
Q

What are nails made of and what are the 3 main components of them?

A

Plates of packed hard dead keratinized cells

Nail body- major visible portion
Free edge- part extending past finger or toe
Root – part not visible

44
Q

What are the 5 functions of the integumentary system?

A

Temperature regulation
Protection
Sensory reception
Excretion and Absorption
Vitamin D synthesis

45
Q

What are 7 possible outcomes of aging in the integumentary system?

A
  1. Adolescence- can develop acne - stimulated by androgens
  2. Aging processes mainly in dermis - visible ~ age 40
  3. Loss of collagen fibres
  4. Loss of elasticity
  5. Loss of immune responses
  6. Decreased melanocyte functions- grey/white hair, blotches
  7. Thinning
46
Q

What is skin cancer induced by?

A

Ultraviolet rays of the sun

47
Q

Who is skin cancer most commonly found in?

A

Fair skinned and elderly

48
Q

What is the most common cancer but also easiest to treat with the highest survival rate when treated early

A

Skin cancer

49
Q

What is a common trait of most skin cancers?

A

Most skin tumors are benign and do not metastasize (spread to other sites)

50
Q

Why do skin cancers form?

A

Skin cancers form because of an interplay between genes and environment.

51
Q

What are 3 other potential causes of skin cancer?

A

x-rays,
trauma and
certain chemicals.

52
Q

What are the 3 types of skin cancer?

A

BASAL CELL CARCINOMA

SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

MALIGNANT MELANOMA

53
Q

What are the key characteristics of basal cell carcinoma

A
  • most common
  • least dangerous
  • seldom metastasizes
  • arises from the cells of the
    stratum basale and eventually invades the dermis
  • lesion appears as a small shiny bump that develops a central depression and a beaded pearly edge
  • usually occur on the face
  • treated by surgical removal and radiation therapy
54
Q

What are the key characteristics of squamous cell carcinoma?

A

arises from the keratinocytes of the stratus spinosum

lesions usually appear on the scalp, ears, lower lip or back of the hand

have a raised, reddened, scaly appearance, later forming a concave ulcer with raised edges
chance of recovery is good with early detection and surgical removal

if neglected this cancer tends to metastasize to the lymph nodes and can be lethal.

55
Q

Key characteristics of malignant melanoma

A

accounts for 5% of cases
the most deadly skin cancer

arises from melanocytes of a pre-existing mole

metastasizes quickly and is fatal if not treated immediately

risk is greatest in people who experience severe sun burns

if a mole becomes malignant it forms a large, flat, spreading lesion with a scalloped edge.

The “ABCD” rule for recognising melanoma is A for asymmetry, B for border irregularity, C for colour and D for diameter (greater than 6mm).

56
Q

What does skin cancer treatment usually involve?

A

Treatment for skin cancer usually involves some type of surgery.

In some cases, doctors suggest radiation therapy or chemotherapy.

Sometimes a combination of these methods is used.

57
Q

What does surgery for skin cancer usually involve?

A

Many skin cancers can be cut from the skin quickly and easily. In fact, the cancer is sometimes completely removed at the time of the biopsy, and no further treatment is needed.

58
Q

How does laser therapy work for skin cancer treatment?

A

Laser therapy uses a narrow beam of light to remove or destroy cancer cells.

This approach is sometimes used for cancers that involve only the outer layer of skin.

59
Q

What are skin grafts used for in treatment for skin cancer?

A

Sometimes, especially when a large cancer is removed, a skin graft is needed to close the wound and reduce the amount of scarring.

For this procedure, the doctor takes a piece of healthy skin from another part of the body to replace the skin that was removed.

60
Q

What is the definition of a burn?

A

A burn is tissue damage inflicted by intense heat, electricity, radiation, or certain chemicals, all of which denature cell proteins and cause cell death to infected areas.

61
Q

Why are burns the leading cause of accidental death?

A

Burn deaths result primarily from fluid loss, infection and the toxic effects of ESCHAR, the burned tissue.

62
Q

Explain the immediate threat to burn patients and what it progresses to after 24 hours.

A

Immediate threat to a burn patient is dehydration and electrolyte imbalance due to fluid loss.

After the first 24 hours has passed, the threat becomes infection to the wound site.

Burns are classified according to the depth of tissue involvement.

63
Q

What do 1st degree burns involve?

A

Involve only the epidermis.

Are marked by redness, slight oedema and pain.

They heal in a few days and seldom leave scars.

Most sunburns are first-degree burns.

64
Q

What do 2nd degree burns involve?

A

involve the epidermis and part of the dermis but leave some of the dermis intact.

may be red, tan or white and is blistered and very painful.

may take from 2 weeks to several months to heal and may leave scars.

the epidermis regenerates by division of epithelial cells in the hair follicles and sweat glands and those around the edges of the lesion

some sunburns and many scalds are second ­degree burns.

65
Q

What do 3rd degree burns involve?

A

the epidermis, dermis, and often some deeper tissues are completely destroyed.

since no dermis remains, the skin can regenerate only from the edges of the wound.
these burns often require skin grafts

left to heal by itself a third-degree burn will result in contracture (abnormal connective tissue fibrosis) and severe disfigurement.

66
Q

What does the epidermis develop from?

A

The embryonic ectoderm

67
Q

What do the dermis and hypodermis develop from?

A

The mesoderm

68
Q

By the end of what month is the skin fairly well formed?

A

By the end of the fourth month

69
Q

During infancy and childhood what happens to the skin?

A

Skin thickens and more subcutaneous fat is deposited.

70
Q

What happens to the skin and hair during adolescence?

A

The skin and hair become oilier as sebaceous glands are activated.

71
Q

What happens to the integumentary system as old age approaches?

A

The rate of epidermal cell replacement slows and the skin thins

becoming more prone to bruising and other types of injuries.

72
Q

What are the effects on the integumentary system caused by aging?

A

as the body ages , blood flow to the skin is reduced

skin becomes thinner - increased bruising

loss of subcutaneous fat - elderly feel cold

loss of elasticity- wrinkling

sweat and sebaceous glands are less active or undergo atrophy - drying of skin

number of melanocytes decreases - greying

number of Langerhans cells decreases - decreased immunity

Anatomy and Physiology: YEAR 2 (17 decks)

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