[Topic 4] Soap and Detergent Flashcards
Products formed by the chemical reaction called saponification.
Soap and detergent
What is saponification?
The process by which the chemical reaction takes place between an organic acid (fatty acids) and alkaline substance.
True or False: Organic acid (fatty acid) and alkaline substance have both a hydrophilic tail and hydrophobic head.
False: Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
water-loving
Hydrophilic head
water-fearing
Hydrophobic tail
Difference between soap and detergent
In hard water, soap forms insoluble compounds reducing foaming and cleaning agent while detergent forms soluble or colloidal compounds.
Raw materials in soap production (2) based on chemical reaction of soap
- Triglyceride
- Lye (Sodium hydroxide)
By product in the soap production (1) based on chemical reaction of soap
Glycerin
A product made by the chemical reaction of oils/fats and an alkaline substance, resulting in long-chain carboxylic acid salts that have unique cleaning properties.
Soap
Typical soaps (7)
- Toilet soaps
- Deodorant soaps
- Floating soaps
- Transparent soaps
- Antimicrobial soaps
- Hard water soaps
- Shaving soaps
Ratio of tallow and coconut oil in toilet soaps
80/20 or 90/10
This agent prevents decomposition of perspiration in deodorant soaps
3,4,5-tribromosalicylanilide
Raw materials of soap production (6) based on PFD
- Oil
- Alkali
- Water
- Perfume
- Builders
- Colors
Process of soap production
Mixing > Mixing in Batch Reactor > Cooling Process > Molding > Drying > Cutting > Packaging
It is a compound that can remove unwanted substances from surfaces or textiles.
Detergent
It refers to unwanted substances from surfaces or textiles.
Soils
A process in which detergent undergone.
Solubilization
The molecules of detergent work as a cleaning agent as it aggregate in water into spherical clusters called micelles. Then micelles tend to attract dyes or oil-soluble water-insoluble compounds.
Solubilization
Key components of detergents (3)
- Surfactants
- Builders
- Other Additives
A key component of detergent used for the removal of oily soil, it is a cleaning regulator.
Surfactants
Made up of phenyl-substituted n-alkanes of 11 to 14 carbon atoms.
Biodegradable detergent
It is made up of straight chain alkylbenzenes, fatty alcohols/acids, oleum and undergo sulfonation.
Biodegradable detergent
A key component of detergent used for removal of inorganic soil, it is a detergent-building such as phosphates.
Builders
A key component of detergent that serves as foam regulators, corrosion inhibitors, fragrance, etc.
Other additives
Types of Detergent (3)
- Anionic detergent
- Cationic detergent
- Non-ionic detergent
Negatively charged heads
Anionic detergent
Positively charge heads
Cationic detergent
Heads are partially charged
Non-ionic detergent
More effective than fat-derived soap as it creates more foam without compromising the cleaning ability of the surfactant.
Anionic detergent
Usually used in laundry detergents and dishwashing liquids.
Anionic detergent
Used in plastic cleaners, hair conditioners, and fabric softeners, disinfectants and antiseptics.
Cationic detergent
Typically used in front-loading washing machines and dishwashers.
Non-ionic detergent
Long, non-polar tail but a polar head that is not ionically charged.
Non-ionic detergent
Raw materials in detergent production (4) based on PFD
- Surfactant
- Phosphate
- Silicate
- Dry Scrap
Colorless liquid, sweet but no odor.
Glycerin
