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Biology > Topic 4: Plant stems > Flashcards

Topic 4: Plant stems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

In the stem, what provides support? (2 things)

A
  1. Sclerenchyma fibres

2. Xylem

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2
Q

Why is support needed in the plant stems? (3 points)

A
  1. to hold leaves in best position for photosynthesis
  2. allows effective flower pollination
  3. to withstand the {wind/rain}
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3
Q

What provides transport within the stem? (2 things)

A
  1. Xylem

2. Phloem

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4
Q

What does the xylem transport? (2 things)

A
  1. Water

2. Mineral ions

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5
Q

What does the phloem transport? (1 point)

A
  1. organic solutes (e.g. sucrose)
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6
Q

In a cross section of a plant stem, name the parts of a vascular bundle from the part furthest away from the centre.
(4 parts)

A
  1. Sclerenchyma
  2. Phloem
  3. Cambium (cells that divide the xylem and the phloem)
  4. Xylem

NOTE:
From Outside of stem
Outside Sclerenchyma Phloem Xylem = OSPX

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7
Q

How can sclerenchyma fibres be identified under a microscope? (1 point)

A
  1. They have the thickest walls
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8
Q

How can xylem vessels be identified under a microscope? (1 point)

A
  1. They have the largest cross-sectional area

NOTE: biggest circles with slightly thicker walls than the rest of the stem

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9
Q

Name all the parts of a plant stem (8 parts)

A
  1. Xylem vessels
  2. Phloem vessels
  3. Epidermis
  4. Collenchyma
  5. Parenchyma
  6. Cambium
  7. Sclerenchyma fibres
  8. Stoma
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10
Q

What flow do xylem vessels have? (1 point)

A
  1. Upward (the flow is always upward)
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11
Q

What flow do the phloem vessels have? (1 point)

A
  1. Two-way flow
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12
Q

What is the epidermis? (1 point)

A
  1. The cells at the very outside of the stem
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13
Q

What are the collenchyma? (2 points)

A
  1. The cells found around the outside of the stem, underneath the epidermis, to give strength
  2. They stretch as the plant grows
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14
Q

What is the cambium? (2 points)

A
  1. Layer of unspecialised cells

2. which divide giving rise to specialised xylem and phloem.

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15
Q

Key Summary: What are the similarities between the position of xylem, phloem and sclerenchyma fibres?
(1 point)

A
  1. All 3 tissues are located towards the outside of the stem (in the region of the vascular bundle)
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16
Q

Key Summary: What are the differences between the position of xylem, phloem and sclerenchyma fibres?
(3 points)

A
  1. Xylem vessels are nearest the centre of the stem
  2. Sclerenchyma fibres are nearest outside of the stem
  3. Phloem vessels are between the xylem and sclerenchyma
17
Q

Key Summary: Describe the structure of the xylem (5 points)

A
  1. Cellulose in cell walls
  2. Lignin in walls (often in rings/spirals)
  3. Continuous column made of hollow DEAD cells, with no end walls and no cell contents/cytoplasm
  4. Open ended
  5. Pits in walls
18
Q

Key Summary: Describe the structure of sclerenchyma fibres (4 points)

A
  1. long {narrow cells/narrow lumen}, usually POINTED AT BOTH ENDS
  2. have cellulose cell walls, which are THICKLY LIGNIFIED
  3. DEAD, hollow cells when mature
  4. often have PITS in their walls
19
Q

Key Summary: Describe the structure of the phloem (4 points)

A
  1. living tissue.
  2. sieve tube elements have NO NUCLEUS and thin layer of peripheral cytoplasm (containing a few organelles).
  3. sieve tubes have a fluid filled lumen and sieve plates which have sieve pores.
  4. a sieve tube element is connected to a companion cell (has normal cell structure) by PLASMODESMATA.
20
Q

Key Summary: What are the structural SIMILARITIES of xylem vessels and sclerenchyma fibres (3 points)

A
  1. Dead, hollow tubes with no cell contents
  2. Have lignified cellulose cell walls
  3. Pits in cell wall
21
Q

Key Summary: What are the structural DIFFERENCES of xylem vessels and sclerenchyma fibres (2 points)

A
  1. Sclerenchyma fibres have pointed ends but xylem vessels have open/blunt ends
  2. Sclerenchyma fibre walls are more thickly lignified than xylem vessel walls
22
Q

Key Summary: What are the functions of the xylem vessels in the plant stem? (2 functions)

A
  1. Transport of water and mineral ions up the plant

2. {Structural/mechanical} support

23
Q

Key Summary: What is the function of the sclerenchyma fibres in the plant stem? (1 function)

A
  1. {Structural/mechanical} support
24
Q

Key Summary: What is the function of the phloem sieve tubes in the plant stem? (1 function)

A
  1. Transport (translocation) of organic solutes (eg. sucrose, amino acids), produced by sources (eg. leaves), to {other parts of the plant/sinks}.
25
Q

Key Summary: Compare the function of xylem vessels and phloem
(1 similarity, 1 difference)

A

(Similarity)
1. Both tissues are involved in transport

(Difference)
2. Xylem (vessels) transport water and mineral ions up the plant, but phloem sieve tubes translocate organic solutes (eg. sucrose, amino acids) from leaves to other plant parts.

26
Q

Key Summary: Compare the function of sclerenchyma fibres and phloem
(1 difference)

A

(Difference)
1. Sclerenchyma fibres are for structural support, but phloem sieve tubes translocate organic solutes (eg. sucrose, amino acids) from leaves to other plant parts.

27
Q

Key Summary: Compare the function of sclerenchyma fibres and xylem
(1 similarity, 1 difference)

A

(Similarity)
1. Both support the plant

(Difference)
2. Xylem transports water, sclerenchyma does not transport anything

28
Q

Xylem and sclerenchyma are not enough.

How can parenchyma (not sclerenchyma) also provide support? (2 points)

A
  1. When a cell is full with water, the water presses on the cell wall - the cell is TURGID
  2. If cells lose too much water, turgor is lost, and the plant WILTS

NOTE: Parenchyma is a type of simple permanent tissue that makes a major part of ground tissues in plants.
(e.g. the cells around the vascular bundle that make up most of the stem)

29
Q

Taller plants need a greater proportion of their stem ________ (i.e. centre of tree trunk)

For example in a tree, the living cells are on the outside of the trunk, just under the bark.

A

lignified

Biology (95 decks)

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