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Biology > Topic 1: CVD treatment (drugs) > Flashcards

Topic 1: CVD treatment (drugs) Flashcards

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1
Q

A person at high risk of cardiovascular disease can reduce their risk by…
(5 things)

A
  1. giving up smoking
  2. changing diet to lower cholesterol levels /reduce BMI and waist to hip ratio
  3. do more physical exercise
  4. reducing or cutting out alcohol
  5. reducing blood pressure (less stress and other factors)
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2
Q

List the things needed for a good diet for protecting against CVD
(7 things)

A
  1. Energy balanced
  2. Less saturated fat (dairy, red/fatty meat)
  3. More {mono/polyunsaturated} fats (oily fish, olive oil, nuts)
  4. Less cholesterol
  5. Reduced salt (less processed foods)
  6. More fruit and vegetables (5-7 portions a day)
  7. Foods containing sterols and stanols (eg. Flora pro.activ)
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3
Q

List 3 ways that drugs can reduce the risk of CVD

A
  1. Reducing blood pressure
  2. Reducing blood cholesterol
  3. Prevention of blood clots in arteries
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4
Q

List the 4 main types of drugs used to treat high blood pressure.

What are they called? (1 point)

A
  1. ACE inhibitors
  2. calcium channel blockers
  3. diuretics
  4. beta blockers e.g. atenolol
  5. Antihypertensive drugs
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5
Q

How do ACE inhibitors work?

3 steps

A
  1. inhibits enzyme that converts inactive angiotensin I to angiotensin II
  2. less angiotensin II prevents muscles in blood vessel walls contracting, so less vasoconstriction
  3. lowers blood pressure
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6
Q

Benefits of ACE inhibitors?

1 benefit

A
  1. Decreases blood pressure which reduces risk of atherosclerosis
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7
Q

{Risks/side effects} of ACE inhibitors?

4 risks

A
  1. dry cough
  2. dizziness
  3. abnormal heart rhythms
  4. reduction in kidney function
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8
Q

How do calcium channel blockers work?

5 steps

A
  1. block Ca channels in muscle cells in the artery lining
  2. Ca cannot pass through Ca channels into the muscle cells
  3. stops the muscle contracting
  4. blood vessels cannot constrict
  5. blood pressure is lowered
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9
Q

Benefits of calcium channel blockers?

1 benefit

A
  1. Decreases blood pressure which reduces risk of atherosclerosis
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10
Q

{Risks/side effects} of calcium channel blockers?

7 risks

A
  1. headaches
  2. dizziness
  3. swollen ankles
  4. abnormal heart rhythms
  5. red in the face

6 .constipation

  1. {Dangerous/fatal} for people who have had a heart attack
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11
Q

How do Diuretics work?

4 steps

A
  1. increase the volume of urine the kidneys make
  2. the body can get rid of excess fluids and salts
  3. decrease in blood plasma volume and cardiac output (volume of blood pumped per minute)
  4. lowers blood pressure
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12
Q

Benefits of Diuretics?

1 benefit

A
  1. lower blood pressure which reduces risk of atherosclerosis
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13
Q

{Risks/side effects} of Diuretics?

3 risks

A
  1. nausea
  2. dizziness
  3. muscle cramps
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14
Q

How do beta blockers work?

4 steps

A
  1. block the effects of
    the hormone
    adrenaline
  2. reduces heart rate
  3. some preventing production of
    angiotensin II, so stop muscles in blood
    vessel walls contracting/less vasoconstriction
  4. lowers blood pressure
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15
Q

Benefits of beta blockers?

1 benefit

A

lower blood pressure which reduces risk of atherosclerosis

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16
Q

{Risks/side effects} of beta blockers?

4 risks

A
  1. fatigue
  2. dizziness
  3. nausea
  4. weight gain
17
Q

The main type of cholesterol lowering drugs are ________

A

statins

18
Q

Statins work by….

1 point

A
  1. inhibiting an enzyme involved in making LDL cholesterol which lowers LDL cholesterol

NOTE: So statins decrease the risk of heart disease, heart attack and stroke

19
Q

Risks of statins

13 risks
(Choose any 5 from list)

A
  1. muscle inflammation
  2. liver damage/failure
  3. kidney damage/failure
  4. nausea
  5. constipation
  6. joint aches
  7. cataracts
  8. diabetes
  9. skin inflammation
  10. insomnia
  11. headaches
  12. respiratory problems
  13. depression
20
Q

The 2 types of drugs that prevent blood clots are called?

A
  1. Platelet inhibitory drugs

2. Anticoagulants

21
Q

How does Aspirin (platelet inhibitory drug) work?

1 step

A
  1. Aspirin reduces the ‘stickiness’ of platelets and reduces clots
22
Q

What is Clopidogrel? (1 point)

A
  1. alternative platelet inhibitory drug, can be used combined with aspirin
23
Q

Risks of {Aspirin/Aspirin+clopidogrel}? (1 risk)

A
  1. gastrointestinal bleeding
24
Q

Name an Anticoagulant

A

Warfarin

25
Q

What does Warfarin do? (1 point)

A
  1. blocks the synthesis of clotting factors
26
Q

Risks of Warfarin? (1 risk)

A
  1. risk of bleeding
27
Q

Benefits of statins?

2 benefits

A
  1. Decreases risk of heart disease, heart attack and stroke
    (in patients with CVD reduces heart attack by 33%)
  2. Reduce blood cholesterol, which reduces therosclerosis
28
Q

Define side effect (1 point)

A
  1. Unintended effect that is negative or harmful
29
Q

Benefits of aspirin?

1 benefit

A
  1. prevents blood clots forming
30
Q

Benefits of warfarin?

1 benefit

A
  1. prevents blood clots forming

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