Topic 1: CVD treatment (drugs) Flashcards
A person at high risk of cardiovascular disease can reduce their risk by…
(5 things)
- giving up smoking
- changing diet to lower cholesterol levels /reduce BMI and waist to hip ratio
- do more physical exercise
- reducing or cutting out alcohol
- reducing blood pressure (less stress and other factors)
List the things needed for a good diet for protecting against CVD
(7 things)
- Energy balanced
- Less saturated fat (dairy, red/fatty meat)
- More {mono/polyunsaturated} fats (oily fish, olive oil, nuts)
- Less cholesterol
- Reduced salt (less processed foods)
- More fruit and vegetables (5-7 portions a day)
- Foods containing sterols and stanols (eg. Flora pro.activ)
List 3 ways that drugs can reduce the risk of CVD
- Reducing blood pressure
- Reducing blood cholesterol
- Prevention of blood clots in arteries
List the 4 main types of drugs used to treat high blood pressure.
What are they called? (1 point)
- ACE inhibitors
- calcium channel blockers
- diuretics
- beta blockers e.g. atenolol
- Antihypertensive drugs
How do ACE inhibitors work?
3 steps
- inhibits enzyme that converts inactive angiotensin I to angiotensin II
- less angiotensin II prevents muscles in blood vessel walls contracting, so less vasoconstriction
- lowers blood pressure
Benefits of ACE inhibitors?
1 benefit
- Decreases blood pressure which reduces risk of atherosclerosis
{Risks/side effects} of ACE inhibitors?
4 risks
- dry cough
- dizziness
- abnormal heart rhythms
- reduction in kidney function
How do calcium channel blockers work?
5 steps
- block Ca channels in muscle cells in the artery lining
- Ca cannot pass through Ca channels into the muscle cells
- stops the muscle contracting
- blood vessels cannot constrict
- blood pressure is lowered
Benefits of calcium channel blockers?
1 benefit
- Decreases blood pressure which reduces risk of atherosclerosis
{Risks/side effects} of calcium channel blockers?
7 risks
- headaches
- dizziness
- swollen ankles
- abnormal heart rhythms
- red in the face
6 .constipation
- {Dangerous/fatal} for people who have had a heart attack
How do Diuretics work?
4 steps
- increase the volume of urine the kidneys make
- the body can get rid of excess fluids and salts
- decrease in blood plasma volume and cardiac output (volume of blood pumped per minute)
- lowers blood pressure
Benefits of Diuretics?
1 benefit
- lower blood pressure which reduces risk of atherosclerosis
{Risks/side effects} of Diuretics?
3 risks
- nausea
- dizziness
- muscle cramps
How do beta blockers work?
4 steps
- block the effects of
the hormone
adrenaline - reduces heart rate
- some preventing production of
angiotensin II, so stop muscles in blood
vessel walls contracting/less vasoconstriction - lowers blood pressure
Benefits of beta blockers?
1 benefit
lower blood pressure which reduces risk of atherosclerosis
{Risks/side effects} of beta blockers?
4 risks
- fatigue
- dizziness
- nausea
- weight gain
The main type of cholesterol lowering drugs are ________
statins
Statins work by….
1 point
- inhibiting an enzyme involved in making LDL cholesterol which lowers LDL cholesterol
NOTE: So statins decrease the risk of heart disease, heart attack and stroke
Risks of statins
13 risks
(Choose any 5 from list)
- muscle inflammation
- liver damage/failure
- kidney damage/failure
- nausea
- constipation
- joint aches
- cataracts
- diabetes
- skin inflammation
- insomnia
- headaches
- respiratory problems
- depression
The 2 types of drugs that prevent blood clots are called?
- Platelet inhibitory drugs
2. Anticoagulants
How does Aspirin (platelet inhibitory drug) work?
1 step
- Aspirin reduces the ‘stickiness’ of platelets and reduces clots
What is Clopidogrel? (1 point)
- alternative platelet inhibitory drug, can be used combined with aspirin
Risks of {Aspirin/Aspirin+clopidogrel}? (1 risk)
- gastrointestinal bleeding
Name an Anticoagulant
Warfarin
What does Warfarin do? (1 point)
- blocks the synthesis of clotting factors
Risks of Warfarin? (1 risk)
- risk of bleeding
Benefits of statins?
2 benefits
- Decreases risk of heart disease, heart attack and stroke
(in patients with CVD reduces heart attack by 33%) - Reduce blood cholesterol, which reduces therosclerosis
Define side effect (1 point)
- Unintended effect that is negative or harmful
Benefits of aspirin?
1 benefit
- prevents blood clots forming
Benefits of warfarin?
1 benefit
- prevents blood clots forming
