Topic 3: Cell structure and EM images

Question 1

Name the 1 type of prokaryotic cells (1 type)

Answer 1

1. Bacteria

Question 2

Name the 4 types of eukaryotic cells (4 types)

Answer 2

1. Animal cells
2. Plant cells
3. Fungi (e.g. yeast)
4. Protoctists (e.g. Amoeba)

Question 3

Name all the parts of a prokaryotic cell

10 parts

Answer 3

1. Mesosome
2. Plasmid
3. Slime capsule
4. Pilli
5. Flagellum
6. Ribosome
7. {Circular DNA/circular chromosome}
8. Cell membrane
9. Cell wall
10. Cytoplasm

Question 4

What is the mesosome? (1 point)

Function of mesosome? (1 point)

Answer 4

1. Infolding of cell surface membrane

1. Site of respiration

Question 5

What is a plasmid? (1 point)

Answer 5

1. A small circle of DNA

Question 6

What is the slime capsule? (1 point)

Purpose? (2 points)

Answer 6

1. Slimy layer on surface of cell
2. for protection
3. and to prevent dehydration.

Question 7

What are pili? (1 point)

Purpose? (1 point)

Answer 7

1. Thin, protein tubes

1. allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces.

Question 8

What is a flagellum? (1 point)

Purpose? (1 point)

Answer 8

1. Hollow cylindrical thread-like structure

1. rotates to move the cell

Question 9

Function of ribosome? (1 point)

Answer 9

1. Protein synthesis

Question 10

Function of {circular DNA/circular chromosome}? (1 point)

Answer 10

1. carries genetic material

Question 11

Function of cell membrane? (1 point)

Answer 11

1. regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell

Question 12

What does the cell wall contain? (1 point)

Answer 12

1. Contains peptidoglycan, a type of polysaccharide and polypeptide combined.

Question 13

What is the purpose of the cell wall? (1 point)

Answer 13

1. provides tensile strength and protection against mechanical and osmotic stress

Question 14

What takes place in the cytoplasm? (1 point)

Answer 14

1. Chemical reactions

Question 15

What do prokaryotic cell not have?

6 things

Answer 15

1. True nucleus
2. Mitochondria
3. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
4. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
5. Chloroplasts
6. Golgi apparatus

Question 16

What to prokaryotic cells always have?

5 things

Answer 16

1. Cell wall (made of peptidoglycan, the cell walls of plants are made of cellulose microfibrils)
2. Ribosomes
3. Cytoplasm
4. Cell surface membrane
5. {Circular chromosome/circular DNA} (free in cytoplasm)

Question 17

What do prokaryotic cells sometimes have?

4 things

Answer 17

1. Flagella (plural of flagellum) (for movement)
2. Plasmids (extra genes)
3. Pili
4. Slime capsule

Question 18

Name all the parts of a eukaryotic cell

12 parts

Answer 18

1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
2. Ribosomes
3. Mitochondria
4. Centrioles
5. Cytoplasm
6. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
7. Cell membrane
8. Golgi {apparatus/body}
9. {Golgi vesicle/lysosome}
10. {DNA/chromatin}
11. Nucleolus
12. Nucleus

Question 19

Give nucleus description (3 things) and function (1 point)

Answer 19

1. Surrounded by a DOUBLE MEMBRANE containing PORES.
2. Nucleoplasm contains DNA.
3. Contains one or more nucleoli.

1 (this point is important). DNA contains {genetic/triplet} code that contains information for the synthesis of proteins.

Question 20

Give nucleolus description (1 point) and function (1 point)

Answer 20

1. Dense body within the nucleus.

1. Makes rRNA for making ribosomes

Question 21

Give ribosome description (2 points) and function (1 point)

Answer 21

1. Very small organelle with 2 subunits,
2. made of RNA+protein.
3. Protein synthesis

Question 22

Give rough ER description (2 points) and function (2 points)

Answer 22

1. Interconnected membrane-bound sacs called cisternae
2. with ribosomes attached
3. Protein synthesis
4. Protein folding

Question 23

Give smooth ER description (2 points) and function (1 point)

Answer 23

1. A system of interconnected tube-like structures
2. with NO attached ribosomes.
3. Makes and processes lipids

Question 24

Give golgi {apparatus/body} description (2 points) and function (1 point)

Answer 24

1. A group of 3 or more curved membrane-bound sacs, called cisternae, of decreasing size
2. with ribosomes attached.
3. Modifies proteins and lipids from ER

Question 25

Give {lysosomes/golgi vesicle} description (2 points) and function (1 point)

Answer 25

1. Spherical sacs surrounded by a single membrane,
2. containing digestive enzymes.
3. Destroys old cells and organelles.

Question 26

Give mitochondrion description (3 points) and function (1 point)

Answer 26

1. Oval shaped with a DOUBLE MEMBRANE.
2. Inner membrane folded to form CRISTAE.
3. Inside is the MATRIX containing DNA AND RIBOSOMES.
4. Aerobic respiration which makes ATP and releases oxygen.

Question 27

Give centrioles description (2 points) and function (1 point)

Answer 27

1. Small hollow cylinders
2. made of microtubules.
3. Form the spindle for cell division

Question 28

Give cell membrane description (1 point) and function (1 point)

Answer 28

1. Surface layer made of a phospholipid bilayer, proteins and cholesterol.
2. Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

Question 29

Key Summary: Similarities of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
(Both have 4 things)

Answer 29

Both have:

1. DNA
2. cell membrane
3. cytoplasm
4. ribosomes

Question 30

Key Summary: Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
(3 differences)

Answer 30

1. Prokaryotic cells have smaller 70S ribosomes, eukaryotic cells have larger 80S ribosomes.
2. Prokaryotic cells have NO membrane bound organelles (eg. nucleus), but eukaryotic cells do
3. Prokaryotic cells have a circular chromosome not associated with histones, eukaryotic cells have linear chromosomes associated with histones