Topic 4 - Kingdoms Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 main classification kingdoms?

A
  1. Plants
  2. Animals
  3. Fungi
  4. Prokaryotes (bacteria)
  5. Protoctist
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2
Q

Which of the 5 main classification kingdoms are living organisms and which are non-living organisms?

A

Living organisms -
Eukaryotes = Plants, animals, fungi, protoctist
Prokaryotes = Bacteria

Non-living organisms -
Viruses

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3
Q

Cellulose?

A

A carbohydrate which forms fibres and is found in the cell walls of plant cells.

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4
Q

Glycogen?

A

The molecule that is used as an energy store in animal cells and fungi.

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5
Q

Hypha (plural: hyphae)?

A

One of the long, thin threads of which the body of a fungus is made; each hypha is just one cell thick.

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6
Q

Saprotrophs?

A

An organism that feeds on dead or dying organic matter, typically by excreting enzymes and absorbing the digested nutrients.

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7
Q

Starch?

A

The molecule that is used as an energy store in plant cells.

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8
Q

Binomial naming

A

= genus + species

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9
Q

Animals:
Are these organisms usually unicellular or multicellular?

A

Animal cells are multicellular

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10
Q

Animals:
How do animals get nutrients?

A

They get nutrients by digesting the food they eat

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11
Q

Animals:
How do animals store carbohydrates?

A

They store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen

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12
Q

Animals:
What are the key features of animal cells?

A

Most animals have some kind of nervous coordination, this means they can respond rapidly to change in their environment.

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13
Q

Animals:
Give an example from each of the following groups: mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians, and insects.

A

Mammals: whale
Bird: dove
Fish: salmon
Reptiles: snake
Amphibian: frog
Insects: mosquito

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14
Q

Plants:
Are these organisms usually unicellular or multicellular?

A

Plant organisms are multicellular.

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15
Q

Plants:
How do plants get nutrients?

A

Plants get nutrients by using photosynthesis. Plants take in carbon dioxide and water from their air and soil. Within the plant cell the water is oxidized. This transforms the water into oxygen and the carbon dioxide into glucose.

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16
Q

Plants:
What structures do they have in their cells that enable them to do this?

A

They have chloroplasts which means they have photosynthesis. Chloroplasts absorb sunlight.

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17
Q

Plants:
Do plants have cells walls? If so, what are they made from?

A

Yes, plants have cell walls. The cell walls are made of cellulose, which means a carbohydrate which forms fibers and is found in the cell walls of a plant cell.

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18
Q

Plants:
How do plants store carbohydrates?

A

Plant cells store carbohydrates as starch.

19
Q

Plants:
Give an example of a flowering plant and a herbaceous plant.

A

An example of flowering plant is cereal (such as maize) and an example for herbaceous are peas or beans.

20
Q

Fungi:
Are these organisms usually unicellular or multicellular?

A

About 90% of fungi organisms are multicellular

21
Q

Fungi:
How do fungi obtain nutrients?

A

Fungi obtain nutrients through a process absorptive heterotrophy, which is where the fungi gives enzymes away to break down complex organic molecules in their environment and then absorbing the resulting nutrients across their cell walls.

22
Q

Fungi:
What structures do multicellular fungi usually have?

A

Hyphae and mycelium

23
Q

Fungi:
How do fungi store carbohydrates?

A

Fungi store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen, which is similar to the way animals store carbohydrates.

24
Q

Fungi: Do fungi have cells walls? If so, what are they made from?

A

They do have cell walls and they are made of chitin

25
Q

Fungi:
Give an example of both a unicellular and multicellular fungus.

A

Yeast is unicellular fungi and mushrooms and multicellular fungi.

26
Q

Protoctista:
Chlorella?

A

Type of algae that grows in fresh water

27
Q

Protoctista:
Amoeba?

A

Mostly found in ponds

28
Q

Protoctista:
Are these organisms usually unicellular or multicellular?

A

They are microscopic single-celled organisms, so they are unicellular.

29
Q

Protoctista:
How do Protoctista get nutrients?

A

Depending on the Protoctista it gets nutrients in different ways, for example Chlorella uses photosynthesis to get food because again it is having similar structures to plant cells. But amoeba gets nutrients from saprotrophs (an organism that feeds on dead or dying organic matters, typically by, excreting enzymes and absorbing the digested nutrients. Other Protoctista use diffusion by absorbing nutrients from the outside into the cell to get food

30
Q

Protoctista:
Do Protoctista have cells walls?

A

Yes, but it depends on the type of cell, for example chlorella have cell walls because they have similar features to plant cells, but amoeba don’t have cell walls because they are more similar to animal cells which DON’T have cell walls.

31
Q

Protoctista:
Why are Protoctista sometimes called the “dustbin kingdom”?

A

Because Protoctista have many different characteristics for example some have animal cell features, some have plant cell features, and some have both. So, they are very hard for scientist to classify so they are just called Protoctista and fall under the ”dustbin kingdom”

32
Q

Protoctista:
Give an example of a Protoctista which causes disease (a pathogen a microscopic organism that causes a disease)

A

A pathogenic Protoctista is Plasmodium responsible for causing malaria. For example, the Plasmodium gets inside the mosquitoes and then the mosquitoes transfer the Plasmodium into out blood stream when they bite us.

33
Q

Prokaryotes: (bacteria)
Are these organisms usually unicellular or multicellular?

A

Prokaryotes are the most common prokaryotic organism and commonly it is bacteria. Prokaryotes are usually unicellular (single-celled).

34
Q

Prokaryotes: (bacteria)
What are the different ways that prokaryotes can obtain nutrients?

A

Most bacteria feed off other organisms, both living and dead. Some bacteria can carry out photosynthesis.

35
Q

Prokaryotes: (bacteria)
Do prokaryotes have cells walls? If so, what are they made from?

A

Yes, they have cell walls. The cell walls are made up of peptidoglycan. A polymer of modified sugars crosslinked with short peptides that makes up the cell wall of prokaryotes.

36
Q

Prokaryotes: (bacteria)
What are the key features of prokaryotic cells?

A

They have cell walls, cell membranes, cytoplasm and plasmids.

37
Q

Prokaryotes: (bacteria)
How is genetic material organized in prokaryotes?

A

Though they don’t have a nucleus, they have a circular chromosome of DNA.

38
Q

What do the bacteria pictured on the left do?(Lactobacillus, Salmonella, Pneumococcus)

A

Lactobacillus – found in production of yogurt from milk
Salmonella – causes food poisoning
Pneumococcus – cause the disease pneumonia

39
Q

Prokaryotes: (bacteria)
What do the bacteria pictured on the left do?

A

Lactobacillus – found in production of yogurt from milk
Salmonella – causes food poisoning
Pneumococcus – cause the disease pneumonia

40
Q

Viruses:
Why are viruses not classed as living organisms?

A

They don’t have any MRS C GREN processes. Viruses are submicroscopic particles; they don’t have cells.

41
Q

Viruses:
What do viruses do when they infect other cells?

A

The RNA or DNA in a virus enters our cells by connecting with the antigens
around the cell membrane and enters the cytoplasm. It enters the nucleus and injects the genetic information to duplicate itself, so that they could attack the other cells.

42
Q

Viruses:
Give three examples of viruses and the diseases that they cause.

A

SARS-cov 2 gives you Covid 19
HIV gives you immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Influenza virus gives you influenza (flu)

43
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Does not have a nucleus (unicellular) (DNA stored in cytoplasm)

43
Q

Eukaryote

A

Has a nucleus (multicellular mostly) (DNA stored in nucleus)