Topic 10 - Human transport Flashcards
What are the 4 components of the blood? (4)
Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets.
What are the 3 things the blood can carry? (3)
oxygen and glucose, and waste products, such as carbon dioxide,
Function of a red blood cell?
To carry oxygen from the lungs to every cell in the rest of the body
Function of a white blood cell?
To fight infection by pathogens and stop disease
Function of a plasma?
Carries the blood cells and platelets around the body
Function of a platelet?
Broken down parts of cells that form scabs
Where are red blood cells made?
Bone marrow
Do red blood cells have a nucleus explain your answer?
Red blood cells do not have anucleusto maximise the oxygen they can carry.
Why do red blood cells have dips on the side?
They have dips on both sides to maximise their surface area to absorb oxygen as quickly as possible.
What is the shape of the red blood cell called?
This shape is called biconcave.
What is the chemical in the red blood cell? and what is its purpose?
They have a chemical inside them called haemoglobin, a red pigment which binds with the oxygen which forms oxyhamoglobin
What system are white blood cells part of?
Immune
Where are white blood cells made?
bone marrow
What are the two types of white blood cell?
- Phagocytes which surround, engulf and destroy
- Lymphocytes which produce antibodies that stick pathogens together. This makes it easier for phagocytes to destroy the pathogens.
What is plasma mainly made of?
water
What are the 3 things plasma carry? (3)
platelets and red and white blood cells
What are the 2 things plasma can do? (2)
- dissolved glucose for respiration
- dissolved salts andenzymesaround the body
Where are platelets made?
bone marrow.
What do platelets do?
Platelets form scabs to seal the skin and keep infection out
10 steps of how Lymphocytes work? (10)
- Pathogens get through the first line of defence (skin, tears and mucus) and start to enter the bloodstream
- Lymphocytes produce antibodies that are specific to the antigens on the pathogens
- The antibodies start to bind with the antigens
- The antibodies start to clump the pathogens together, so it is easier for the phagocytes
- The phagocytes engulfs the pathogens
- Enzymes break the pathogens down and destroy it (destroy it using this method above)
- lymphocytes also produce antitoxins, this starts to neutralise toxins
- Special memory lymphocytes remember the antibodies
- Next time there is an infection, memory lymphocytes replicate
- When the same infection comes back antibodies are produced faster, this is called secondary immune response
How phagocytes do work?
- The phagocytes’ membrane surrounds the pathogen
- the enzymes found inside the cell, then break down the pathogen in order to destroy it
Describe how blood moves through the heart?
- Right atrium
Deoxygenated blood flows into the RA through the VENA CAVA. - Right ventricle
Blood is pumped into the right ventricle. Right ventricle contracts and pumps the blood to the lungs. - Left and right Pulmonary Artery
These arteries transport deoxygenated blood to the lungs. - Left and right lungs
Gaseous exchange occurs at the left and right lungs. - Pulmonary Vein
Transports oxygenated blood to the left atrium. - Left atrium
Receives oxygenated blood and pumps it into the left ventricle. - Left ventricle
The heart contracts and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body’s organs and tissues via the AORTA. - Organs and tissues
Gaseous exchange occurs and the organs and tissues.
Describe the structure of an artery? (6)
- Take blood away from the heart
- Walls are thick and elastic
- Transports oxygenated blood
- Has small lumen
- Has a pulse and blood travels in spurts
- Has no valves
Describe the structure of an veins? (6)
- Take blood to the heart
- Walls are thin and less elastic
- Transports de-oxygenated blood
- Has large lumen
- Has no pulse and blood travels smoothly
- Has valves
Describe the structure of an capillary?
- Very Small lumen
- Wall made of a single layer of cell so diffusion distance is short
What pressure do veins carry at?
low pressure, as it enters the heart so it can travel smoother
What pressure do artery carry at?
high pressure, as the blood has to reach your whole body
Outline how blood moves from the gut to return to the heart? (5)
- Oxygenated blood first travels through the aorta
- then through the hepatic artery to the liver
- or then through the mesenteric artery to the gut
- or continues to the kidneys
- or other organs through renal vein.
How does your heart rate change during exercise?
Your heart typically beats faster so that more blood can get oxygenated faster and carried to the working muscles so they can contract
How does your heart rate change under the influence of adrenaline?
Adrenaline increases heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure to provide more oxygen and energy to the muscles
What factors increase the risk of coronary heart disease? (5)
- Smoking
- High blood pressure
- High cholesterol
- Lack of regular exercise
- Diabetes
how factors may increase the risk of developing coronary heart disease? (5)
- Smoking - Both nicotine and carbon monoxide (from the smoke) put a strain on the heart by making it work faster increasing the risk of blood clots
- High blood pressure - puts pressure a strain on your heart and can lead to CHD
- High cholesterol - a fat made by the liver but too much in the blood can lead to CHD
- Lack of regular exercise - If you’re inactive, fatty deposits can build up in your arteries
- Diabetes - Diabetes can lead to CHD because it may cause the lining of blood vessels to become thicker, which can restrict blood flow
