Topic 4: Diet And Nutrition Flashcards

Question

Fat

Answer 1

Lipid composed of triacylglycerols (3 fatty acids esterified to one glycerol) Can be saturated, unsaturated and trans (unsaturated by H bonds on either side - increases shelf life) Less oxygen so more rescued so yield more energy when oxidised Used for absorption of fat soluble vitamins from gut Provides essential fatty acids such as linoleic and linolenic - plasma membrane and prostaglandins Omega 3 - 3 carbons down there is a double bond

Answer 2

Electrolytes establish ion gradients across membrane Maintain water balance Ca and P - structure Ca - signalling Enzyme co factors - Fe, Mg, Manganese, Co, Cu, Zn and molybdenum) Fe - haemoglobin

Answer 3

Sodium Potassium Chloride 1mmol/kg/day each

Answer 4

``` Calcium Magnesium Phosphorus Sulphur. Without no cysteine etc so no thymine so can not start protein synthesis Iron ```

Answer 5

Copper Zinc Iodine - to make thyroid hormone Selenium - protect against oxidative stress

Answer 6

Chromium Manganese Molybdenum

Answer 7

``` Required in micro or milligram Fat or water soluble Deficiency diseases Excess vitamins also a problem See PP slides for deficiency ```

Answer 8

Made of cellulose, lignin, pectins and gums (Do not have enzymes to break down cellulose) Recommended intake - 18g/day but currently below this Low intake x constipation and bowel cancer Reduces cholesterol and risk of diabetes

Answer 9

Series of estimates of the amount of energy and nutrients needed by different groups of healthy Uk population - Reference nutrient intake - proteins, mineral and vitamin , eniugnt o ensure needs of 97.5% are being met - estimated average requirement - energy, 50% will require more - lower reference nutrient intake - proteins, mineral and vitamin. For those who have low requirements (2.5%) - Safe intake (used when insufficient data) Depend on age, gender and level of activity

Answer 10

Maintains resting activities if the body Maintenance of cells - ion transport and biochemical reactions Function of organs - skeletal muscle (30% BMR) liver, brain (20%) Heart - 10% Other - 20% Affected by body size, gende, temperature, endocrine status, body temp

Answer 11

Weight (kg) / height^2 (m^2) Measure height without shies Weight with minimal clothing Major weakness - very muscular individuals Could measure instead waist/hip ratio Male (kg/m2) Female (kg/m2) Classification Male < 18.5 18.5 - 24.9 25 - 29.9 30 - 34.9 >35 Female < 18.5 18.5 - 24.9 25 - 29.9 30 - 34.9 >35 Classification Underweight Desirable weight Overweight Obese Severely obese

Answer 12

``` Insulin resistance Hyperinsulinism Type 2 diabetes Hypertension Hyperlipidaemia Stroke Premature death ```

Answer 13

Growth failure (height and weight below normal). • Impaired physical development (tiredness, weakness and p1 poor exercise tolerance due to reduced muscle mass). • Impaired mental development (low IQ). • Negative nitrogen balance due to Nin < Nout • Oedema due to reduced albumin synthesis in the liver. • Increased risk of infection due to reduced immunoglobulin synthesis. • Anaemia due to reduced haemoglobin synthesis. • Fatty liver due to reduced lipoprotein synthesis.

Answer 14

Obesity is a chronic condition characterised by excess body fat. It is usually defined on the basis of determination of the Body Mass Index (BMI). A individual with a BMI of ≥30 is considered to be obese. Obesity is a risk factor for the following chronic conditions: hypertension, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, gall bladder disease, osteoarthritis & cancer.

Answer 15

2.5 litres

Answer 16

MUST tool 1. BMI 2. unplanned weight loss 3. Acute ill If more than 3 - high risk

Answer 17

Reduce cholesterol Better digestion Need 18g

Answer 18

Marasmus | Kwashiorkor

Answer 19

``` Insufficient energy intake Negative energy balance so mobilisation of fat stores and muscle proteins broken down for amino acids Nutritional deficiencies - energy, protein, vitamins and minerals, dehydration Typically in children Chronic slow onset Severe weight loss Muscle wasting, protruding rubs Diarrhoea No protruding abdomen Insuffience protein intake No oedema ```

Answer 20

``` Insuffient protein intake Deficit of essential amino acids Rapid acute onset Some weight loss High mortality Poor appetite Typically when displaced from breast milk as toddler - carbohydrate rich diet when new baby arrives Found in developing countries Bilateral pitting oedema Hair changes (brownish, scanty, straight) Flaky skin Protuberant abdomen - enlarged liver Anemia - not enough amino acid to make Hb ```

Answer 21

Normal thumb pressure applied to both feet for 3 secs | Shallow pit remains on both after lifted - oedema

Answer 22

Net flow of fluid from plasma into interstitutial fluid Decreased plasma protein - net flow of fluid into interstitium (oedema). As in kwashiorkor unable to make essential amino acids, limits ability of liver to produce serum albumin so net flow increases

Answer 23

Different in on oncotic - diffference in hydrostatic

Answer 24

Liver functions to synthesise lipoproteins to transport this fat around body but without this ability of the liver, lipds accumulate in liver as can’t be transported - fatty liver - hepatic dysfunction

Answer 25

Marasmus - slowly, small, monitored Kwashiorkor - can not be given protein rich foods as no enzymes present in urea cycle so can lead to build up of ammonia which is toxic. So small amounts of protein at regular intervals

Answer 26

Rapid influx of food Can lead to confusion, coma, convulsion and death Usually by ammonia toxicity as no urea cycle,, ammonia build up Or by rapid increase in metabolism, chemical pathways work very quickly, which requires phosphate, run out of phosphate eas already depleted, so hypophosphataemia Re feed at 5-10 kcal/kg/day over 1 week