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S111 > Topic 2 Part 2 - How do you know what is alive? > Flashcards

Topic 2 Part 2 - How do you know what is alive? Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 attributes of life?

A

Reproduction, growth, metabolism and sensitivity

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2
Q

Cells are classified into two types. Can you name these?

A

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

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3
Q

Which cell type was thought to be the first life form on Earth?

A

Prokaryotic cells, specifically bacteria.

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4
Q

What enabled van Leeuwenhoek to see the animalcules?

A

He designed and made his own magnifying lenses which magnified to 500 times the actual size.

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5
Q

What did van Leeuwenhoek discover?

A

Van Leeuwenhoek discovered ‘animalcules’ – small single-celled organisms that live in water, known today as protists. At the time, however, he didn’t recognise them as such – he thought they were miniature versions of the animals we see day to day.

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6
Q

What book did Hooke write when he first examined microscopes?

A

Micrographia

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7
Q

From what observations did Robert Hooke define ‘cells’?

A

Observation of ‘self-contained units’ in cork led to Hooke defining cells.

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8
Q

Why could Hooke initially not see the ‘animalcules’ that van Leeuwenhoek observed and described?

A

His microscope was not as powerful, but he was able to observe animalcules as he managed to increase the magnification.

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9
Q

How did van Leeuwenhoek describe red blood cells?

A

He described red blood cells as ‘globules’.

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10
Q

What did van Leeuwenhoek believe was inside the head of a sperm cell?

A

Van Leeuwenhoek believed a small man was inside the head of a sperm cell.

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11
Q

What was the pioneering discovery made by Robert Brown in 1830?

A

He discovered that the cells he observed contained a nucleus.

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12
Q

What else did Robert Brown discover?

A

Brownian motion – the movement of particles within pollen grains.

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13
Q

What breakthrough did Schwann and Schleiden make?

A

That both plants and animals are made up of cells and that both plant and animal cells have a nucleus.

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14
Q

What breakthrough in cell biology did Remak make?

A

The fact that all cells make cells. Essentially this is the start of embryology, i.e. the fact that a sperm cell and an egg cell fuse to form a single cell. This single cell then divides into two cells, then these two cells divide to give four cells, which divide to give eight cells and so on to create an embryo.

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15
Q

Virchow behaved very badly to his friend and scientific colleague. What would this behaviour be called today and why is it unacceptable to behave in this way?

A

Virchow claimed Remak’s work as his own. This is known as plagiarism and we will look at why this is unacceptable in the next section.

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16
Q

What is a μm

A

μ is the abbreviation for micrometre, also known as microns

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17
Q

What is the typical diameter of a plant cell?

A

50–100 μm

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18
Q

μ is the abbreviation for micrometre, also known as microns. There are 1000 000 μm in a metre. How would you write 1000 000 μm using powers of 10?

A

1000 000 μm = 1 × 10^6 μm.

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19
Q

How long is an E. coli bacterium?

A

An E. coli bacterium is about 3 μm in length.

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20
Q

How big is a red blood cell and how big is a skin cell?

A

A red blood cell is 8 μm across and a skin cell is 30 μm.

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21
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

The balloon, or outer boundary of the cell

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22
Q

What is concentration of a liquid?

A

The concentration of a liquid is defined as the number of particles within a particular volume.

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23
Q

What is cytosol?

A

The inside of a cell can be regarded as a gelatinous or ‘jelly-like’ liquid it is called cytosol

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24
Q

What is the cell membrane primarily made up of?

A

The cell membrane is primarily made up of phospholipids

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25
Q

What is hydrophobic?

A

‘water-hating’

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26
Q

What is organic molecules?

A

Organic molecules are naturally found in all living organisms and systems and are composed of carbon atoms in long chains or rings with other atoms such as oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen attached

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27
Q

What is Lipids?

A

fatty organic molecules found in your blood and body tissue

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28
Q

Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Lipids have a hydrophobic side and a hydrophilic side

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29
Q

What is hydrophilic?

A

‘water-loving’

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30
Q

What is phospholipid

A

It is a type of lipid, it has a phosphate head linked to two fatty acid chains

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31
Q

Is the head of a phospholipid hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophilic

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32
Q

Are the two fatty acid chains hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophobic

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33
Q

What is a bilayer

A

a film two molecules thick (formed e.g. by lipids), in which each molecule is arranged with its hydrophobic end directed inwards towards the opposite side of the film and its hydrophilic end directed outwards.

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34
Q

What allows transportation in and out the membrane?

A

Pores

35
Q

What is permeable

A

allowing any substance to pass through

36
Q

What is selective permeable?

A

which means that it allows only certain substances to transfer through

37
Q

Is a cell membrane permeable?

A

No it is selective permeable

38
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

39
Q

What is osmosis?

A

is the movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules, through a cell’s partially permeable membrane.

40
Q

What is the difference between Brownian motion and diffusion?

A

Both Brownian motion and diffusion are processes involving the movement of molecules. Brownian motion is the random movement of large particles whereas diffusion is the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

41
Q

What is the difference in concentration known as?

A

Concentration gradient

42
Q

At what point does diffusion cease?

A

Diffusion ceases when the concentration of the molecule is the same each side of the membrane

43
Q

How does the volume of solution on each side of the membrane change during osmosis?

A

The volume increases on the left side which started out with the more concentrated solution (more solute molecules and fewer water molecules) and decreases on the right side which started out with the less concentrated solution (fewer solute molecules and more water molecules). This is because water molecules move down their concentration gradient by osmosis from the right side to the left side.

44
Q

What are the different compartments of eukaryotic cells known as?

A

Organelles

45
Q

What are similarities between animal cells and plant cells

A

Both the animal and plant cells have cytosol, mitochondria, a nucleus, nuclear membrane and cell membrane.

46
Q

What are the differences between animal cells and plant cells

A

Plant cells have chloroplasts, a cell wall and a large vacuole, whereas animal cells do not.
The plant cell has a regular shape defined by the cell wall; the animal cell has an irregular shape defined by the cell membrane.

47
Q

Which is larger, plant cell or animal cell?

A

The plant cell is much larger than the animal cell. The scale in the plant cell drawing is 7 μm, whereas it is 1 μm in the animal cell.

48
Q

What is another name for cell membrane?

A

plasma membrane

49
Q

What is another name for red blood cell?

A

erythrocytes

50
Q

What does a nucleus do?

A

The nucleus controls and regulates the activities of the cell (e.g., growth and metabolism) and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information.

51
Q

What is a nuclear envelope?

A

a highly regulated membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells

52
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

53
Q

What is DNA Packed into?

A

Chromosomes

54
Q

What is the gel-like substance within the cell membrane in which the intracellular organelles sit?

A

Cytoplasm

55
Q

What does membrane-bound mean?

A

It means that organelle has a membrane such as a nucleaus

56
Q

What is a mitochondria?

A

it is a double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms. The Mitochondria creates most of the cells supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy.

57
Q

What is endocytosis

A

a process by which the membrane invaginates to enclose the substance, then pinches off to form a vesicle that moves inside the cell

58
Q

What is exocytosis

A

cytoplasmic vesicles fuse with the cell membrane to expel their contents from the cell.

59
Q

What is Lysosomes

A

Lysosomes are cellular organelles bound by a single membrane.

60
Q

What are Lysosomes known as and why?

A

They are known as the dustbins of the cell because they contain digestive enzymes that breakdown unwanted cellular content like worn out organelle or engulfed bacteria.

61
Q

What is the Mitochondria known as?

A

The mitochondria is known as the batteries of the cell

62
Q

What does the Mitochondria store the cells energy as?

A

in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

63
Q

What is the singular of mitochondria?

A

Mitochondrion

64
Q

How many membranes does a mitochondrion have?

A

two

65
Q

What are the two membranes of the mitochondrion?

A

The outer membrane and the inner membrane, with the intermembrane lying between them

66
Q

What is the nucleus known as?

A

The control center of the cell

67
Q

What type of activities does the nucleus navigate?

A

protein synthesis, growth and cell division

68
Q

Where in the cell is the DNA stored?

A

In the nucleus, packed into chromosomes

69
Q

What is contained within the nucleus?

A

Small nucleolus

70
Q

What encloses the nucleus?

A

The nucleus is enclosed by a double phospholipid membrane called the nuclear envelope

71
Q

What encloses the nucleus?

A

The nucleus is enclosed by a double phospholipid membrane called the nuclear envelope

72
Q

What are the holes on the outer membrane known as?

A

Pores

73
Q

What do the pores on the outer membrane of the nucleus do?

A

It allows transport of large molecules from the nucleus

74
Q

What is immediately outside the nuclear envelope?

A

immediately outside the nuclear envelope is the rough endoplasmic reticulum which has ribosomes on its outer surface.

75
Q

What are Ribosomes?

A

Ribosomes, which are found in all cells, are complex structures that are responsible for synthesising proteins.

76
Q

What is rough ER?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is an organelle consisting of a network of single membrane-bound tubes that is continuous with the outer layer of the nuclear envelope and which is studded with ribosomes.

76
Q

What is rough ER?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is an organelle consisting of a network of single membrane-bound tubes that is continuous with the outer layer of the nuclear envelope and which is studded with ribosomes.

77
Q

What is rough ER?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is an organelle consisting of a network of single membrane-bound tubes that is continuous with the outer layer of the nuclear envelope and which is studded with ribosomes.

78
Q

What is Smooth ER?

A

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is a single membrane-bound organelle. Unlike the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), it has no ribosomes attached.

79
Q

What are the cell membranes of plants known as?

A

The cell membrane in plants is known as the plasmalemma.

80
Q

What are Chloroplasts

A

Chloroplasts are the organelles in which photosynthesis takes place. They are found in the green parts of plants (leaves and stem).

81
Q

What is Photosynthesis

A

Photosynthesis is the conversion of water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen, using light as an energy source.

82
Q

What is a Vacuole?

A

A vacuole is a cell organelle that is very prominent in plant cells.

S111 (16 decks)

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