Topic 2,3 of Pharm Topics

Question 1

General description of parasympathetic nervous system from pharmacological point of view (neurotransmitters and receptors

Answer 1

Question 2

Antihypertensive mode of action of thiazide diuretics and the side effects, osmotic diuretics

Answer 2

Question 3

Directly acting parasympathomimetics

Answer 3

Question 4

Calcium channel blockers

Answer 4

Question 5

Parasympatholytics

Answer 5

Question 6

Centrally acting sympathoplegic drugs

Answer 6

Question 7

Sympathomimetics

Answer 7

Question 8

Pharmacology of renin/angiotensin system

Answer 8

Question 9

Non-selective α-adrenoceptor blockers

Answer 9

Question 10

General description of antiarrhythmic drugs. Vaughan Williams classification

Answer 10

Class IV: Ca2+ Channel Blockers• Block slow cardiac Ca2+ channels = decrease phase 0 and phase 4

Decrease SA and AV nodal activityo Verapamil and Diltiazem§ Uses: SVTs§ Side effects: hypotension, AV block, dizziness, flushing, constipation (verapamil)

.§ Drug interaction:

• Additive AV block with beta-blockers, digoxin
• Verapamil displaces digoxin from tissue binding sites
• Note: we do not use “-dipines” because they can result in reflex tachycardiaUnclassified

• Adenosineo Activates adenosine receptors = Gi coupled decrease in cAMP à Decreases SA and AV nodal activityo Uses: PSVT and AV nodal arrhythmiaso half-life: < 10 seconds,

Administered IVo Side effects: flushing, sedation, dyspneao antagonized by theophylline and caffeine

• Magnesiumo Use: torsades

Question 11

β-adrenoceptor blockers

Answer 11

Question 12

Treatment of myocardial ischemia especially the treatment of angina pectoris

Answer 12

Question 13

Indirectly acting parasympathomimetics

Answer 13

Question 14

Drugs used in the treatment of hyperlipidemias

Answer 14

Question 15

Structure-activity relationships demonstrated among sympathomimetics

Answer 15

Question 16

Drugs used for the treatment of congestive heart failure

Answer 16

Question 17

General description of sympathetic nervous system from pharmacological point of view (neurotransmitters and receptors)

Answer 17

Question 18

Characterization of quinidine, lidocaine, and amiodarone

Answer 18

Question 19

Pharmacological tools to influence the sympathetic neurotransmission

Question 20

Expectorants and antitussives

Answer 20

Question 21

Selective α-adrenoceptor blockers

Answer 21

Question 22

Pharmacology of the liver and the gall bladder

Answer 22

Hepatic Encephalopathy: low metabolism in liver à increase of ammonia concentration àreach the brain à detrimental effects. Treatment: lactulose or neomycin (reduces synthesis of ammonia), zine and arginine (increase secretion of ammonia).

Question 23

Metabolism of chatecholamines and pharmacological modulation

Answer 23

Question 24

Pharmacological treatment of bronchial asthma

Answer 24

Question 25

Comparison of elimination of acetylcholine (Ach) and norepinephrine/noradrenaline from the synaptic cleft and the possibilities of pharmacological modulation

Answer 25

Question 26

Therapeutic importance of diuretics, mode of action and classification. Antialdosterone compounds and other potassium-sparing diuretics

Answer 26

Question 27

Compare the effects of norepinephrine/noradrenaline, epinephrine/adrenaline and isoprenaline

Question 28

Inhibitors of carboanhydrase enzyme, thiazides and other sulfonamide type diuretics, high-ceiling diuretics (loop diuretics) and antidiuretics

Answer 28

• Antagonistic drugs of ADH are Conivaptan and Tolvaptan.

• aptenso Conivaptan- inhibitor of the receptor for ADH (vasopressin).

It inhibits both types of the receptors- V1 and V2 receptors.

o Tolvaptan- inhibit the ADH receptor.

Blocking this receptor will allow water to be excreted more readily.

It is selective for V2 receptors.

Antidiuretics and their inhibitors

• drugs used to reduce diuresis in the body.

• treatment of diabetes insipidus.

• endogenous antidiuretics

– ADH also called vasopressin and oxytocin.

• used exogenously as medications in people whose bodies need extra help with fluid balance via suppression of diuresis.

o ADH pathway: hypertonicity à release of ADH from the posterior pituitary

àacting on vasopressin receptor 2 present in principal cells of DCT à collecting duct leading to aquaporin 2 expression in luminal surface

kidneys reabsorb solute-free water

concentrated urine and reduced urine volumeo

Desmopressin

• antidiuretic drug.
• binding to V2 receptors of the renal collecting duct

signal for the translocation of aquaporin channels via cytosolic vesicles to the apicalmembrane of the collecting duct à increasing water reabsorption from the tubules.

Question 29

Synthesis, storage, release and elimination of acetylcholine (Ach). Demonstration of Dale’s experiment

Answer 29

Question 30

Agents used in anemias

Answer 30

Question 31

Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) transmission

Answer 31

Question 32

Drugs used in coagulation disorders

Answer 32

Question 33

Uptake mechanisms, substrates and inhibitors

Answer 33

Question 34

Drugs used in acid-peptic disease

Answer 34

Question 35

α2 sympathomimetics and the concept of “false transmitter”

Answer 35

Question 36

Laxatives, antidiarrheal drugs. Drugs in the treatment of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, antiobesity drugs

Answer 36

Question 37

Pharmacology of cardiac glycosides

Answer 37

Question 38

Drugs promoting gastrointestinal motility. Emetics and antiemetic drugs

Answer 38

Question 39

Positive inotropic substances except cardiac glycosides

Answer 39

Question 40

Pharmacotherapeutic approach to exocrine pancreatic diseases

Answer 40

Question 41

Adrenergic neuron blockers and reserpine. Antihypertensive mode of action of β-blockers

Answer 41

Question 42

Botanical/herbal remedies

Answer 42