1st topic of all topics PHARM

Question 1

Clinical phase of drug development.

Answer 1

Question 2

Drug interactions. Biologicals (biological therapy), special considerations with respect to their development.

Answer 2

Question 3

Factors influencing the drug effect. Preclinical phase of drug development

Answer 3

Question 4

Drug elimination: II. Excretion

Answer 4

Question 5

Factors influencing the drug elimination

Answer 5

Question 6

Drug elimination: I. Biotransformation

Answer 6

Question 7

First pass effect

Answer 7

Question 8

Bioavailability. AUC

Answer 8

Question 9

Absorption of drugs and ion trap

Answer 9

Aspirin (acid yếu):

Trong dạ dày (pH 1-3): Môi trường acid => aspirin tồn tại chủ yếu ở dạng không ion hóa => dễ dàng hấp thu qua niêm mạc dạ dày vào máu.

Trong máu (pH 7.4): Môi trường kiềm hơn => aspirin trở thành dạng ion hóa => bị “bẫy” trong máu và khó quay lại dạ dày.

Nước tiểu kiềm hóa để tăng thải acid yếu:

Khi kiềm hóa nước tiểu (tăng pH), các thuốc acid yếu (như aspirin) chuyển sang dạng ion hóa trong nước tiểu và bị “bẫy” ở đó => dễ dàng bị thải ra ngoài.

Question 10

Plasma concentrations after repeated administration: loading dose and maintenance dose

Answer 10

Question 11

The clearance

Answer 11

Question 12

Elimination of drugs: the half-life (T1/2)

Answer 12

Question 13

Distribution of drugs in the body: the apparent volume of distribution (Vd)

Answer 13

Question 14

The movement of drugs through biological membranes

Answer 14

Question 15

Desensitization, tachyphylaxys and tolerance

Answer 15

Question 16

Control of receptor expression. Receptor diseases and receptors and disease

Answer 16

Question 17

Antagonism. Non-receptorial antagonism

Answer 17

Question 18

Graded and quantal dose-response relationships. Therapeutic index, therapeutic window

Answer 18

Question 19

Dose-response relationships. Efficacy and potency

Answer 19

Question 20

Agonists and antagonists. Antagonism on the receptor level

Answer 20

Question 21

Pharmacodynamic principles. Receptors and subtypes

Answer 21