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DPT 623 Physical Agents > Tone Abnormalities > Flashcards

Tone Abnormalities Flashcards

1
Q

Help produce synergies (particular patterns of movements)

A

Neural circuits

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2
Q

Refers to the CNS areas originating above the spinal cord

A

Supraspinal

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3
Q

Volitional movement originates from what?

A

A sensation, idea, memory, or external stimulus

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4
Q

Neurons in the ____ compare intended movement with sensory input received about the actual movement

A

Cerebellum

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5
Q

Modulate movement and tone

A

Basal ganglia

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6
Q

Basal ganglia are composed of what five groups of neurons?

A

Putamen, caudate, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra

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7
Q

Receives a rich supply of input from the vision system, auditory system, vestibular system, somatosensory system, and motor cortex

A

Reticular-activating system

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8
Q

How does the limbic system influence movement and muscle tone?

A

Via the RSTs and connections with the basal ganglia

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9
Q

What does muscle tone and activation depend on?

A

Normal composition and functioning of the muscles, the PNS, and CNS

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10
Q

What can result in abnormal muscle tone?

A

An injury or pathology

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11
Q

Low muscle tone

A

Hypotonicity

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12
Q

Hypotonicity usually results from what?

A

Loss of normal alpha motor neuron input to muscle fibers

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13
Q

What causes denervation in a muscle?

A

When disease or injury of the alpha motor neurons removes neuronal input

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14
Q

What is a possible consequences of abnormally low muscle tone?

A

Difficulty developing enough force output for normal posture and movement

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15
Q

What is rearborizing?

A

Each alpha motor neuron remaining in a muscle may increase the number of muscle fibers it innervates by increasing its number of axonal branches

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16
Q

What are some physical agents used for hypotonicity caused by alpha motor neuron damage?

A

Hydrotherapy, quick ice, E-stim, biofeedback

17
Q

High muscle tone

A

Hypertonicity

18
Q

Hypertonicity is a result of what?

A

Abnormally high excitatory input compared to the inhibitory input to an intact alpha motor neuron

19
Q

What are some consequences of high muscle tone?

A

Contractures, abnormal posture, skin breakdown, discomfort/pain from muscle spasms

20
Q

What are some interventions used to counter hypertonicity/contractures following a spinal cord injury?

A

ROM exercises, prolonged stretch, positioning/orthotics to maintain functional muscle length, medications, surgery

21
Q

What are some causes of cerebral (CNS) lesions?

A

Cerebral vascular disorders (stroke), cerebral palsy, tumors, CNS infection, head injury

22
Q

What is another consequence of CNS pathology besides spasticity?

A

Rigidity

23
Q

The resting tremor of a patient with Parkinson’s disease is an example of what?

A

Fluctuating tone that results in involuntary movement

24
Q

Definition: the underlying tension in a muscle that serves as a background for contraction.

A

Muscle Tone

25
Q

Definition: low tone or decreased resistance to stretch compared with normal muscles

A

Hypotonicity

26
Q

Definition: high tone or increased resistance to stretch compared with normal muscles

A

Hypertonicity

27
Q

Definition: lack of tone or absence of resistance to passive stretch within the middle range of the muscle’s length

A

Flaccidity

28
Q

Definition: loss of voluntary movement

A

Paralysis

29
Q

Definition: an abnormal, hypertonic state in which muscles are stiff or immovable and in which they are resistance to all stretch regardless of velocity or direction.

A

Rigidity

30
Q

Definition: an abnormal, hypertonic muscle response in which quicker passive muscles stretches elicit greater resistance than slower stretches.

A

Spasticity

31
Q

True or False: is muscle tone and voluntary muscle contraction distinct from each other

A

True

32
Q

What are some quantitative tests/tools used to measure muscle tone?

A

Dynamometer, Electromyography, and Pendulum Test

33
Q

What are some qualitative tests/tools used to measure muscle tone?

A

Clinical Tone Scale, Muscle Stretch Reflex Test, and Ashworth and Modified Ashworth Scale

34
Q

True or False: position of the patient affects muscle tone and should therefore be considered when measuring.

A

True

35
Q

What two myofilaments overlap to form cross-bridges which create muscle contractions

A

Actin and Myosin

DPT 623 Physical Agents (16 decks)

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