Pain

Question 1

Pain that an individual may continue to experience even when no damaging or threatening stimulus is present

Answer 1

Chronic pain

Question 2

Pain that is caused by the irritation of nerves and nerve roots and can radiate down an extremity

Answer 2

Radiating pain

Question 3

Pain associated with a myocardial infarction that is felt in the left arm is defined as:

Answer 3

Referred pain

Question 4

________ nerve fibers transmit impulses from sensory receptors toward the brain, and ______ nerve fibers transmit impulses from the brain toward the periphery.

Answer 4

Afferent; efferent

Question 5

Current findings indicate that specific nerve endings called ______ respond to all painful stimuli.

Answer 5

Nociceptors

Question 6

Nociceptors give rise to types of first order nerve fibers called:

Answer 6

C fibers and A-delta fibers

Question 7

____ fibers are small, unmyelinated, and transmit pain sensations described as dull, throbbing, aching, burning, tingling, or tapping.

Answer 7

C fibers

Question 8

____ fibers are fast, myelinated, and transmit pain sensations described as sharp, stabbing, or pricking.

Answer 8

A-delta fibers

Question 9

A hyperactive response of the SNS that fails to turn off in response to an acute injury can increase the severity of pain, which may lead to __________syndrome.

Answer 9

Complex regional pain

Question 10

Theory that states severity of pain is controlled by the balance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to T cells in the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord.

Answer 10

Gate Control Theory

Question 11

The theory that pain is modulated at peripheral, spinal cord, and cortical levels by endogenous neurotransmitters that bind to the same receptors of exogenous opioids.

Answer 11

Endogenous Opioid System

Question 12

Pain lasting 0 to 6 months’ duration for which an underlying pathology can be defined
and occurs as a direct result of actual or potential tissue injury due to a wound, disease process, or invasive procedure.

Answer 12

Acute Pain

Question 13

Pain that arises as a direct result of a lesion or disease affecting nerves. This type of pain typically has a burning or lancinating quality and is accompanied by other signs or symptoms of neurological dysfunction.

Answer 13

Neuropathic Pain

Question 14

Pain that does not serve a protective purpose

Answer 14

Dysfunctional Pain

Question 15

These scales access pain severity by asking the patient to indicate the present level of pain on a drawn line or to rate the pain numerically on a scale such as 0-10.

Answer 15

Visual Analog and Numerical Scales

Question 16

These control pain by modifying inflammatory mediators at the periphery, altering pain transmission from the periphery to the cortex, or altering the central perception of pain

Answer 16

Pharmacological Approaches

Question 17

Neurons that projects to the thalamus, tactile sensation, aching pain.

Answer 17

Anterospinothalamic Tract (AST)

Question 18

Pain transmitting neurons that originate in the spinal cord and carry impulses up to the thalamus; Afferent

Answer 18

Spinothalamic Tracts (ST)

Question 19

Neurons that project to medial thalamus; sharp pain; Afferent

Answer 19

Lateral Spinothalamic Tract (LST)

Question 20

Make connections within the spinal cord and synapse with afferent neurons projecting toward the cortex.
These are important in nociceptive transmission because they integrate information from nociceptive and non-nociceptive primary afferent fibers, other local T cells, and other supraspinal sites (like the cortex and brain stem).

Answer 20

Transmission cells (T cells)

Question 21

Pain relief by the administration of drugs into the epidural or subarachnoid space of the spinal cord.
Primary advantage is that the drugs bypass the blood brain barrier, and that high concentrations reach the spinal cord at sites of nociceptive transmission.

Answer 21

Spinal Analgesia

Question 22

Relieve pain from both the inflammatory and non-inflammatory sources.
Long term complications = usually GI irritation and bleeding.

Answer 22

Nonsteriodal Antiinflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

Question 23

Based on biopsychosocial model of pain and cognitive-behavioral principles of treatment.
Designed to treat patients with chronic pain, they aim to restore patients’ independence and overall quality of life.
Coordinate team approach is one of the most crucial elements of these programs.

Answer 23

Comprehensive Pain Management Programs

Question 24

Pain from stimulus that is not normally painful like touching the skin.

Answer 24

Allodynia

Question 25

Increased sensitivity to pain.

Ex. Phantom Limb Pain

Answer 25

Hyperalgesia

Question 26

Chronic pain after trauma, possible damage to central or peripheral nervous system.
The cause of pain is unknown.

Answer 26

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)

Question 27

The system composed of the autonomic and somatic nervous system.

Answer 27

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Question 28

The system composed of the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 28

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Question 29

This system is responsible for the ‘fight or flight’ response to the heart, lungs, and muscles.
Helps with survival.

Answer 29

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)