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MY Virology FINAL > Togaviridae > Flashcards

Togaviridae Flashcards

1
Q

Togaviridae causes severe disease in what two species?

A

humans

horses

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2
Q

Is togaviridae enveloped?

A

yes

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3
Q

In togaviridae, each spike are a trimer of what two proteins?

A

E1 and E2

*supports proteins on the lipid envelop

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4
Q

In togaviridae, the RNA codes for what two polyproteins?

A

non structural and structural

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5
Q

Togaviridae is present in the host cell within a ____

A

vesicle

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6
Q

What polyproteins initiate the replication of the positive RNA virus during Togaviridae replication?

A

P1234

P123 + naP4

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7
Q

What three cycles maintain arboviruses?

A

Urban cycle

Enzootic cycle

Epizootic cycle

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8
Q

What is the most important arbovirus cycle for infection of humans?

A

Urban cycle

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9
Q

What arbovirus cycle is maintained between a primary vector and domestic animal?

A

Epizootic cycle

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10
Q

What is a vector called that can trasmit a disease from one cycle to another?

A

bridge vector

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11
Q

Who is the dead end host within the arbovirus cycles?

A

humans

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12
Q

Who is the primary vector within the enzootic (sylvatic) arbovirus cycle?

A

arthrophod vector

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13
Q

Eastern equine encephalitis virus is a zoonotic disease transmited by ____

A

mosquitos

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14
Q

Eastern equine encephalitis virus is caused by what genus of togaviridae?

A

Alphavirus

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15
Q

What is the main genus of togaviridae?

A

alphavirus

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16
Q

Eastern equine enchaphalitis causes _____ in horses and humans

A

encephalitis

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17
Q

How many lineages are there in eastern equine encephalitis and which one is the most virulent?

A

4 lineages

group 1 is the most common in the US and most virulent

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18
Q

What weather is eastern equine enchephalitis associated with?

A

heavy rainfall

*swamp areas

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19
Q

What are the two cycles that maintain eastern equine encephalitis?

A

epizootic cycle

enzootic cycle

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20
Q

In the epizootic cycle of eastern equine encephalitis, _____ can be infected by mosquitos and transmit the virus among themselves

A

pheasants

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21
Q

____ mosquito acts as the bridge vector in eastern equine encephalitis and can transmit the virus to birds and humans

A

Aedes

22
Q

The enzootic cycle of eastern equine encephalitis is maintained by wild birds and what species of mosquito?

A

Culliseta melanura

23
Q

Eastern equine encephalitis induced apoptosis of what cells?

A

neuronal and glial cells

24
Q

_____ infection is the most common with eastern equine encephalitis in horses

A

inapparent/mild

25
Q

If a horse develops clinical signs with eastern equine encephalitis, what would they be?

A

walks blindly into objects

paralysis

incoordination

inability to hold up the head

26
Q

What are some pathologies associated with eastern equine encephalitis in horses?

A

brain hemorrhage

necrotizing vasculitis

death

27
Q

What does eastern equine encephalitis cause in humans?

A

systemic form- fever, malaise, no CNS involvment

encephalitis form- Fever, vomiting, convulsions, coma, unlitmately patient my die

*most cases have no apparent illness

28
Q

What is the prognosis for eastern equine encephalitis in humans?

A

1/3rd of all people with disease will die

recovered patients may have brain damage

29
Q

What region of the US is Western equine encephalitis found?

A

Western

30
Q

What are the two forms of western equine enchephalitis and which one is more virulent?

A

epizootic- more virulent

enzootic

31
Q

True/False: western equine encephalitis is more virulent than eastern equine encephalitis

A

False

There is a lower fatality rate with wester equine encephalitis

32
Q

True/False: Western equine encephalitis tends to cause epidemics in ares of disease

A

False

Causes sporadic individual cases

33
Q

What two animals play a role in the enzootic (primary) cycle of western equine encephalitis?

A

bird- reservoir

mosquito (CULEX)- main vector

34
Q

What ampilification hosts are involved in the epizootic (secondary) cycle of Western equine encephalitis?

A

rodents

black tailed jack rabbits

35
Q

What mosquito species is the vector for the epizootic cycle of western equine encephalitis?

A

Aedes

36
Q

While most cases of Western equine encephalitis are asymptomatic, what are some clinical signs in horses during a severe case?

A

fever

blindess

paralysis

death in extereme cases

37
Q

What age group of humans have the highest suscpetibility to western equine encephalitis?

A

infants and children

*young patients are often left with brain damage

*asymptomatic in adults

38
Q

How many subtypes of Venezuelen equine encephalitis exist and which ones are virulent?

A

6 subtypes

1-A, 1-B, and 1-C are highly virulent in equines (epizootic)

39
Q

What is the vector and amplification hosts for the enzootic cycle of venezuelan equine enchephalitis?

A

vector host- Culex mosquito

aplification host- rodent

40
Q

In western equine encephalitis and eastern equine encephalitis both humans and horses are ______

A

dead end hosts

*cannot trasmit the disese

41
Q

What animal is the dead end host in the enzootic cycle of venezuelan equine encephalitis?

A

horses

42
Q

Who is the amplifying host, primary vector, and dead end host in the epizootic cycle of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus?

A

primary vector- mosquito

amplification host- horses (virus can replicate at high titer in horses)

dead end host- human

43
Q

Sometimes in venezuelan equine encephalitis, the _____ strain of the virus can mutate into the _____ strain

A

endemic can mutate into the epidemic

*less virulent form can become very virulent

44
Q

What clinical signs are associated with venezuelan equine encephalitis in horses?

A

head hung low

incoordination

death

encephalomyelitis

leaning

45
Q

In humans, venezuelan equine encephalitis is normally an ____ disease

A

acute, systemic

*Causes very important disesae in humans such as encephalitis and can cause abortion in pregnant women

46
Q

What are some ways to diagnose equine encephalitis?

A

detection of antigen- ELISA

isolation of organism

necropsy

PCR

47
Q

What is the best way to control equine encephalitis?

A

control of mosquito population

*get rid of stagnant water

48
Q

What does surveillance of equine encephalitis entail?

A

trapping mosquitoes and wild animals and testing for virus

Chickens kept in endemic area and tested periodically for virus

49
Q

What biological control method can be used for control of equine enephalitis?

A

increase population of predatory fish (Gambusia) that feed on mosquito larvae

50
Q

_____ can be sprayed in stagnant water to decrease mosquito population

A

larvicides

51
Q

EEV, WEEV, and VEEV vaccines are available for horses, however there is no effective vaccines in case of _____

A

humans

MY Virology FINAL (12 decks)

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