Flaviviridae

Question 1

What genus of Flaviviridae is most important for veterinary pathogens?

Answer 1

Pestivirus

Question 2

What genus of Flaviviridae causes a disease in horses known as Theilers disease?

Answer 2

Pegivirus

Question 3

Flaviviridae has a ______ that plays an important role in the infection of the host cell

Answer 3

lipid envelop

Question 4

Flaviviridae replication occurs in the ____, where the virus comes out via _____

Answer 4

cytoplasm

virus comes out via budding

Question 5

In flaviviridae, there are enzymes known as ____ that cleave the polyprotein into at least 8-9 nonstructural and structural proteins

Answer 5

proteases

Question 6

Flaviviridae is a ____ stranded RNA

Answer 6

single

Question 7

What two diseases does Pestivirus cause in animals?

Answer 7

Bovine Viral diarrhea

classical swine fever/ hog cholera

Question 8

What are the two biotypes of bovine viral diarrhea and which one is more deadly?

Answer 8

non cytopathogenic

cytopathogenic- more deadly

Question 9

In the non-cytopathogenic biotype of bovine viral diarrhea, the NS2 and NS3 protein remain _______

Answer 9

uncleaved

Question 10

In the non cytopathogenic strain of bovine viral diarrhea what disorders can arise?

Answer 10

congenital, reproductive, and enteric

Question 11

Can the non cytopathogenic strain of bovine viral diarrhea cross the placenta?

Answer 11

yes

*calf can become persitantly infected

Question 12

In the cytopathogenic strain of bovine viral diarrhea, the NS2 and NS3 protein are ______

Answer 12

cleaved

Question 13

When the cytopathogenic strain of bovine viral diarrhea infects a calf that is already infected with the non cytopathogenic strain, it causes a disease known as ______

Answer 13

mucosal disease

Question 14

Sometimes the NS2 and NS3 genes may be seperated by a ____ sequence, leading to cleavage of the NS2 and NS3

Answer 14

Ub

Question 15

If there are ________ in the RNA between NS2 and NS3 it can lead to cleavage and cause pathogenesis

Answer 15

point mutations

Question 16

When NS3 is in the free form of bovine viral diarrhea, it increases the level of _____ in the host cell which leads to apoptosis

Answer 16

double stranded RNA

Question 17

Bovine viral diarrhea has ____ types that are antigenically different

Answer 17

2 types

Question 18

If a healthy adult cow becomes infected with the non cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea, it may induce ____ and decrease in _____

Answer 18

diarrhea

decrease in milk production

Question 19

What will happen in a pregnant cow that is infected with the non cytopathognic bovine viral diarrhea?

(based on what month of pregnancy the cow is in)

Answer 19

If infected during-

Month 1 - embryo death

month 2-4: calves become persistantly infected

month 5-7: abortion, congenital deformities

Month 8-9: normal calves

Question 20

Persistently infected calves of BVD (bovine viral diarrhea) are ____ and highly susceptible to _____

Answer 20

they are stunted

highly suscpetible to secondary infection

Question 21

Birth of _______ calves are known as persitently infected calves

Answer 21

immunotolerant

Question 22

When a pregnant cow is 2-4 months along the fetal ____ is not developed and the fetus does not recognize the virus as foreigh

Answer 22

immune system

*no antibody response

Question 23

persitantly infected calves of BVD shed virus _____ into the environment

Answer 23

continually

Question 24

What is the main source of transmission of bovine viral diarrhea?

Answer 24

persistently infected calf secretions and excretions

Question 25

If persistently infected calves are exposed to cytopathogenic strain that is genetically similar to non cytopathic strain that the calf is immunotolerant then there is a severe form of ____ disease

Answer 25

mucosal

Question 26

Outcomes of bovine viral disease infection include _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 26

thrombocytopenia hemorrhagic syndrome

Question 27

What are some congenital defects of calves with bovine viral diarrhea?

Answer 27

stargazing nervous sytem defects congenital hydranencephaly- cerebellar hemisphere doesn't develop

Question 28

What are clinical signs of acute mucosal disease due to bovine viral diarrhea?

Answer 28

severe diarrhea ulcerated nose and mouth erosions of esophagus, intestine hemorrhage of small intestine

Question 29

What are some clinical signs of chronic mucosal disease in calves with bovine viral diarrhea

Answer 29

diarrhea rough hari bloating hoof deformities emaciation

Question 30

How can we control bovine viral diarrhea?

Answer 30

seperate persitantly infectious calves from herd \*punch ear tag and test it

Question 31

In bovine viral diarrhea \_\_\_\_\_ are directed against cytopathic and non cytopathic forms of disease

Answer 31

vaccines

Question 32

What flavivridae virus is highly contagious and clinically indistinguishable from african swine fever?

Answer 32

Hog cholera

Question 33

Hog cholera is also known as\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 33

classical swine fever

Question 34

Hog cholera affects what species?

Answer 34

pigs wild and domestic

Question 35

What Flaviviridae is a list A disease that leads to huge losses to the pig industry

Answer 35

Hog cholera \*notifiable disease

Question 36

How is Hog cholera transmitted?

Answer 36

direct contact fecal oral aerosol \*present in secretion and excretion of the pigs

Question 37

Hog cholera is a very stable virus and can survive years of \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 37

freezing

Question 38

A pregnant sow with hog cholera will give birth to what kind of piglets?

Answer 38

persistently infected immunotolerant healthy piglets \*piglets spread the virus to the herd

Question 39

What 4 pathogenic features does Hog Cholera produce?

Answer 39

B lymphocyte deficiency apoptosis of lymphocytes depletion of CD1, 4, and 8 activation of macrophages leading to release of TNF Degeneration of vascular endothelium

Question 40

What are the clinical signs of the acute form of Hog cholera?

Answer 40

depression huddle together hyperemia- red skin purplish discoloration- cyanosis necrosis of tonsils botton ulcers in colon goose stepping gait abortion

Question 41

What does a kidney with peracute hog cholera look like?

Answer 41

Turkey egg kidneys!

Question 42

How is Hog cholera controlled?

Answer 42

infected animals are culled and killed avoid feeding uncooked meat products to pigs

Question 43

Is there a vaccine for hog cholera?

Answer 43

Yes \*vaccine should be used in edemic areas

Question 44

Pigs that have hog cholera as well as pigs that are vaccinated will test \_\_\_\_

Answer 44

positive \*vaccinated pigs test positive due to live vaccine

Question 45

What tool do we use to diagnose if a pig has a natural infection of hog cholera versus having been vaccinated?

Answer 45

DIVA (differentiating infected from vaccinated animals) \*subunit marker vaccine

Question 46

DIVA is a ____ vaccine

Answer 46

subunit

Question 47

What are the vectors for genus Flavivirus of Flavivridae?

Answer 47

mosquitos and ticks

Question 48

West Nile virus is a _____ borne disease of the genus \_\_\_\_

Answer 48

mosquito genus flavivirus

Question 49

West nile virus is maintained between ____ and \_\_\_\_\_. What are the incidental hosts?

Answer 49

maintined between mosquitos and birds horses and humans- incidental hosts

Question 50

West Nile virus has ___ lineages. What lineages are associated with huma disease?

Answer 50

7 lineages lineage 1 and 2- human disease

Question 51

In west nile virus, lineage 1 can be broken down into a, b and c. What sublineage is most important?

Answer 51

1a is the most widely distributed in humans

Question 52

After a mosquito inoculates an animal with west nile virus, where does it replicate?

Answer 52

keratinocytes in the skin

Question 53

What are the 3 ways that West Nile Virus can go into the CNS?

Answer 53

excreting metalloproteinases release of TNF Trojan horse- travel inside macrophage

Question 54

What are the three important forms of West Nile neuro-invasive disease?

Answer 54

west nile encephalitis west nile meningitis west nile meningoencephalitis

Question 55

Most horses with West Nile virus are \_\_\_\_

Answer 55

asymptomatic

Question 56

What are the predominant clinical signs of West Nile virus?

Answer 56

encephalomyelitis with ataxia

Question 57

Best way to control West Nile virus

Answer 57

protect from mosquitos

Question 58

What Flavivirus is a tick borne disease that is important in sheep and red grouse?

Answer 58

Louping ill (trembling ill)

Question 59

Louping ill is caused by genus \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 59

Flavivirus

Question 60

What is the vector tick of louping ill?

Answer 60

Ixodes ricinus

Question 61

What kind of transmission occurs in louping ill ticks?

Answer 61

Transtadial \*can be transmitted from larva, to nymph to adult

Question 62

True/False: An adult tick with louping ill can carry the virus even though it has not taken an infected blood meal

Answer 62

True \*They can carry the virus from infected larval stage. Virus remains in tick until the adult stage if the larva is infected

Question 63

louping ill causes clinical signs that are very \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 63

neurological

Question 64

What are the clinical signs of Louping ill in sheep?

Answer 64

ataxia muscle tremors incoordination jerky

Question 65

How is louping ill transmitted?

Answer 65

tick bite mainly

Question 66

How is louping ill prevented?

Answer 66

tick control vaccination in endemic areas