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A2 Italy Essay Plans > To what extent was warfare mainly responsible for the unification of Italy by 1870? > Flashcards

To what extent was warfare mainly responsible for the unification of Italy by 1870? Flashcards

1
Q

What are the factors that should be discussed?

A

Warefare
Nationalism (Organisations and People)
Diplomacy
Victor Emmanuel and Piedmont

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2
Q

Name all the Wars that need to be discussed

A

1) Second war of Italian independence (1859)
2) 1866 Austro-Prussian war
3) Unification with Rome 1870

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3
Q

What should be defined in the introduction?

A

The time period, post 1848 causes of unity

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4
Q

Where is the argument going?

A

Warefare is the most important cause of unity

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5
Q

What are the two battles of the 1859 Second War of Italian independence?

A

Magenta and Solferino

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6
Q

What battle led Napoleon III to sue for peace during the 1859 war of independence?

A

Solferino

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7
Q

Why did Napoleon III sue for peace after solferino?

A

Heavy losses on both sides of 17 000 allied casualties and Austria 21 000

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8
Q

The armistice of the second war of Italian independence was done without consulting who?

A

Cavour/Piedmont

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9
Q

What was the result of the 1859 war?

A

Though the Austrians held Venetia as a result of the war, this war meant that Piedmont eventually gained Lombardy as well as the central Duchies of Parma and Magenta.

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10
Q

When was the Austro-Prussian War?

A

1866

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11
Q

When was the battle of Custozza in the Austro-Prussian war?

A

June 1866

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12
Q

When was the Austrian naval victory?

A

Lissa

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13
Q

As a result of the Austro-Prussian war, the Austrians were forced to do what?

A

Cede venetia to France, who then used Diplomacy to give it to Piedmont

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14
Q

What was led france to withdraw they garrison from Rome?

A

The Franco-Prussian war for which they needed troops

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15
Q

Where the French defeated by Prussia?

A

Battle of Sedan

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16
Q

As a result of the French defeat at the battle of Sedan, Italian PM Lanza gained what?

A

Spain, Austria and Catholic German states to send Italian troops into Rome.

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17
Q

What did the Pope reject in 1870 which precipitated the 1870 war of independence?

A

peaceful take over of Rome

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18
Q

When did Italian troops cross the bored into the Papal states?

A

11th September 1870

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19
Q

When did the Italian troops reach the Aurelian walls of Rome, thus placing Rome under siege?

A

September 19th 1870

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20
Q

When did Rome fall to the Italian troops, the final piece of unifiiaciton?

A

20th September 1870

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21
Q

What did Pius IX remain until the very end?

A

Intransigent

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22
Q

What does the 1870 war demonstrate about warfare’s role in unification?

A

It had the power to override key barriers to unification

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23
Q

Who died in the 1870 war?

A

49 Italian soldiers, 4 officers and 19 Papal troops died

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24
Q

When was the Plebiscite that completed the 1870 annexation of the Papal states?

A

2nd October

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25
Q

When was warfare not as responsible?

A

During the earlier days of unity

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26
Q

What two nationalist organisation need to be discussed?

A

1) National society

2) Roman Triumvirate

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27
Q

Who was the National Society formed by?

A

Nationalist exiles resident in Piedmont such as Daniel Manin

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28
Q

When was the National Society formed?

A

1857

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29
Q

What was the National Society’s Newspaper?

A

IL Piccolo Corriere d’Italia

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30
Q

Batches of how many of the National Society’s pamphlets were distributed?

A

3000

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31
Q

What was a limitation of the National Society’s newspaper and pamphlet?

A

⅔ illiteracy in Italy

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32
Q

When was the national society most effective?

A

Post 1955

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33
Q

How was the national society a good template for unity for Cavour?

A

suited his aims and temperament: conservative and pragmatic rather than radical and ideological

34
Q

The National Society were instrumental in the transformation of the cause of unity into what?

A

A respectable, fashionable and anti Austrian type of unification that both Middle Classes and Radicals could support

35
Q

Where did the National Society secure a Plebiscite for annexation for in 1859?

A

Lombardy and the Central Duchies

36
Q

Who made up the Roman Triumverate?

A

MAzzini, Saffi and Armelini

37
Q

When was the Roman Republic Declared?

A

February 9th 1849

38
Q

When did the Roman Republic end?

A

July 1849

39
Q

Who is the key nationalist individual?

A

Garibaldi

40
Q

When was Garibaldi’s voyage to Sicily?

A

May 1860

41
Q

How many were in “the thousand”?

A

1200

42
Q

When did Garibaldi cross the straights of Messina?

A

August 22nd 1860

43
Q

When was the Teano meeting?

A

26th October 1860

44
Q

What kind of diplomacy did the British use to allowed Garibaldi to cross the straights of Messina?

A

Gunboat Diplomacy

45
Q

From the perspective of Northern Italians, how was Garibaldi viewed?

A

Garibaldi was a liability rather than an asset to unity

46
Q

How can Garibaldi be described?

A

An ill-educated soldier with little regard for foreign policy or diplomacy

47
Q

When did Garibaldi first attempt to march on Rome?

A

1862

48
Q

In 1862, how many men did Garibadli attempt to take Rome with?

A

4000

49
Q

By Cavour, how was Garibaldi viewed?

A

A source of competition to the Piedmontese led unity

50
Q

Garibaldi’s intent of capturing Rome was damaging to what?

A

damaging to Cavour’s strategy

51
Q

When did Garibaldi march on Rome (list every attempt)

A

1860, 62 and 67

52
Q

When Piedmont had to stop Garibaldi from taking Rome, Piedmont was forced to intervene and stop him where?

A

Aspromonte

53
Q

When did the French forces stop Garibaldi’s march on Rome at Mentana?

A

November 3rd 1867

54
Q

Where, in 1867 did French forces stop Garibaldi’s march on Rome?

A

Mentana

55
Q

Describe Garibaldi?

A

A highly effective populist military commander who gave a great contribution to the unification of the Southern Peninsula

56
Q

Where did Garibaldi come from and why did this present a limitation?

A

Rich North, yet was attempting to unify the poor south

57
Q

Other than Garibaldi, what individual and group became of increasingly limited importance?

A

Mazzini & Mazzinians

58
Q

What are the three treaties/pacts that need to be remembered?

A

1) 1856 treaty of Paris
2) July 1858 Pact of Plombiers
3) 1859 Treaty of Villafranca

59
Q

Cavour’s 1855 involvement in the 1854 Crimean war did what?

A

Gave him a seat at he Congress of Paris peace agreement

60
Q

Garibaldi’s involvement in the 1854 Crimean war mean that whom were indebted to him?

A

France and GB

61
Q

At the end of the Treaty of Paris, what returned to the political agenda?

A

The topic of Italian unification and the Austrian Dominance in the North of Italy

62
Q

What was the Pact of Plombiers?

A

Secret Diplomacy between France (Napoleon III) and Cavour which agreed that, if Austria was the aggressor, Piedmont would have the full support of France against them.

63
Q

When was the pact of Plombiers?

A

July 1858

64
Q

When was the Treaty of Villafranca?

A

July 1859

65
Q

Who was excluded from Villafranca?

A

Cavour

66
Q

The treaty of Villafranca signalled what?

A

The watershed of Austrian power in Northern Europe

67
Q

Who were the British Advocates of Self-determination?

A

Palmerston and Russel

68
Q

Who supported the National Society’s plebiscites?

A

Palmerston and Russel

69
Q

A part of Diplomacy, what developments had Cavour made that made Foreign powers so invested in Piedmont?

A

Political and Economic Development by Cavour meant that the French and Piedmontese Economics became inextricably linked. This mean that Austrian involvement would not have been welcomed by a France

70
Q

A part of Cavour’s diplomacy, what French Banker funded much of the Mount Cenis tunnel?

A

Rothschild

71
Q

What German free trade treaty substantially weakened Austria?

A

Zollervien

72
Q

How did Diplomacy work in Partnership with warfare?

A

It legalised and rubber stamped the changes that warfare made

73
Q

What and when had VEII shown himself to be the potential leader of italian unity?

A

Grado di Delore speech 1859

74
Q

What de VEII declare himself to be in the Grado di Delore speech?

A

First soldier of Italian unification

75
Q

Piedmont 2 450 million lire debt did what it took on smaller states’ debts?

A

Doubled

76
Q

Piedmont divided the new kingdom into how many provinces, each governed by their own prefect?

A

53

77
Q

When was Piedmont the biggest factor?

A

1848 and 1859

78
Q

When did Foreign warfare become the most important factor?

A

Between 1859 and 1860

79
Q

What provided the conclusion to unity?

A

Warefare in 1870

80
Q

After 1859, what are the two most important factors?

A

Piedmont and Warfare

81
Q

What shows that Piedmont cannot be solely responsible?

A

They failed when attempting to take on Austria in 1848

82
Q

Who says “Italy owed most to French armies and British moral approval”?

A

AJP Taylor

A2 Italy Essay Plans (15 decks)

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