To what extent was warfare mainly responsible for the unification of Italy by 1870? Flashcards
What are the factors that should be discussed?
Warefare
Nationalism (Organisations and People)
Diplomacy
Victor Emmanuel and Piedmont
Name all the Wars that need to be discussed
1) Second war of Italian independence (1859)
2) 1866 Austro-Prussian war
3) Unification with Rome 1870
What should be defined in the introduction?
The time period, post 1848 causes of unity
Where is the argument going?
Warefare is the most important cause of unity
What are the two battles of the 1859 Second War of Italian independence?
Magenta and Solferino
What battle led Napoleon III to sue for peace during the 1859 war of independence?
Solferino
Why did Napoleon III sue for peace after solferino?
Heavy losses on both sides of 17 000 allied casualties and Austria 21 000
The armistice of the second war of Italian independence was done without consulting who?
Cavour/Piedmont
What was the result of the 1859 war?
Though the Austrians held Venetia as a result of the war, this war meant that Piedmont eventually gained Lombardy as well as the central Duchies of Parma and Magenta.
When was the Austro-Prussian War?
1866
When was the battle of Custozza in the Austro-Prussian war?
June 1866
When was the Austrian naval victory?
Lissa
As a result of the Austro-Prussian war, the Austrians were forced to do what?
Cede venetia to France, who then used Diplomacy to give it to Piedmont
What was led france to withdraw they garrison from Rome?
The Franco-Prussian war for which they needed troops
Where the French defeated by Prussia?
Battle of Sedan
As a result of the French defeat at the battle of Sedan, Italian PM Lanza gained what?
Spain, Austria and Catholic German states to send Italian troops into Rome.
What did the Pope reject in 1870 which precipitated the 1870 war of independence?
peaceful take over of Rome
When did Italian troops cross the bored into the Papal states?
11th September 1870
When did the Italian troops reach the Aurelian walls of Rome, thus placing Rome under siege?
September 19th 1870
When did Rome fall to the Italian troops, the final piece of unifiiaciton?
20th September 1870
What did Pius IX remain until the very end?
Intransigent
What does the 1870 war demonstrate about warfare’s role in unification?
It had the power to override key barriers to unification
Who died in the 1870 war?
49 Italian soldiers, 4 officers and 19 Papal troops died
When was the Plebiscite that completed the 1870 annexation of the Papal states?
2nd October
When was warfare not as responsible?
During the earlier days of unity
What two nationalist organisation need to be discussed?
1) National society
2) Roman Triumvirate
Who was the National Society formed by?
Nationalist exiles resident in Piedmont such as Daniel Manin
When was the National Society formed?
1857
What was the National Society’s Newspaper?
IL Piccolo Corriere d’Italia
Batches of how many of the National Society’s pamphlets were distributed?
3000
What was a limitation of the National Society’s newspaper and pamphlet?
⅔ illiteracy in Italy
When was the national society most effective?
Post 1955
How was the national society a good template for unity for Cavour?
suited his aims and temperament: conservative and pragmatic rather than radical and ideological
The National Society were instrumental in the transformation of the cause of unity into what?
A respectable, fashionable and anti Austrian type of unification that both Middle Classes and Radicals could support
Where did the National Society secure a Plebiscite for annexation for in 1859?
Lombardy and the Central Duchies
Who made up the Roman Triumverate?
MAzzini, Saffi and Armelini
When was the Roman Republic Declared?
February 9th 1849
When did the Roman Republic end?
July 1849
Who is the key nationalist individual?
Garibaldi
When was Garibaldi’s voyage to Sicily?
May 1860
How many were in “the thousand”?
1200
When did Garibaldi cross the straights of Messina?
August 22nd 1860
When was the Teano meeting?
26th October 1860
What kind of diplomacy did the British use to allowed Garibaldi to cross the straights of Messina?
Gunboat Diplomacy
From the perspective of Northern Italians, how was Garibaldi viewed?
Garibaldi was a liability rather than an asset to unity
How can Garibaldi be described?
An ill-educated soldier with little regard for foreign policy or diplomacy
When did Garibaldi first attempt to march on Rome?
1862
In 1862, how many men did Garibadli attempt to take Rome with?
4000
By Cavour, how was Garibaldi viewed?
A source of competition to the Piedmontese led unity
Garibaldi’s intent of capturing Rome was damaging to what?
damaging to Cavour’s strategy
When did Garibaldi march on Rome (list every attempt)
1860, 62 and 67
When Piedmont had to stop Garibaldi from taking Rome, Piedmont was forced to intervene and stop him where?
Aspromonte
When did the French forces stop Garibaldi’s march on Rome at Mentana?
November 3rd 1867
Where, in 1867 did French forces stop Garibaldi’s march on Rome?
Mentana
Describe Garibaldi?
A highly effective populist military commander who gave a great contribution to the unification of the Southern Peninsula
Where did Garibaldi come from and why did this present a limitation?
Rich North, yet was attempting to unify the poor south
Other than Garibaldi, what individual and group became of increasingly limited importance?
Mazzini & Mazzinians
What are the three treaties/pacts that need to be remembered?
1) 1856 treaty of Paris
2) July 1858 Pact of Plombiers
3) 1859 Treaty of Villafranca
Cavour’s 1855 involvement in the 1854 Crimean war did what?
Gave him a seat at he Congress of Paris peace agreement
Garibaldi’s involvement in the 1854 Crimean war mean that whom were indebted to him?
France and GB
At the end of the Treaty of Paris, what returned to the political agenda?
The topic of Italian unification and the Austrian Dominance in the North of Italy
What was the Pact of Plombiers?
Secret Diplomacy between France (Napoleon III) and Cavour which agreed that, if Austria was the aggressor, Piedmont would have the full support of France against them.
When was the pact of Plombiers?
July 1858
When was the Treaty of Villafranca?
July 1859
Who was excluded from Villafranca?
Cavour
The treaty of Villafranca signalled what?
The watershed of Austrian power in Northern Europe
Who were the British Advocates of Self-determination?
Palmerston and Russel
Who supported the National Society’s plebiscites?
Palmerston and Russel
A part of Diplomacy, what developments had Cavour made that made Foreign powers so invested in Piedmont?
Political and Economic Development by Cavour meant that the French and Piedmontese Economics became inextricably linked. This mean that Austrian involvement would not have been welcomed by a France
A part of Cavour’s diplomacy, what French Banker funded much of the Mount Cenis tunnel?
Rothschild
What German free trade treaty substantially weakened Austria?
Zollervien
How did Diplomacy work in Partnership with warfare?
It legalised and rubber stamped the changes that warfare made
What and when had VEII shown himself to be the potential leader of italian unity?
Grado di Delore speech 1859
What de VEII declare himself to be in the Grado di Delore speech?
First soldier of Italian unification
Piedmont 2 450 million lire debt did what it took on smaller states’ debts?
Doubled
Piedmont divided the new kingdom into how many provinces, each governed by their own prefect?
53
When was Piedmont the biggest factor?
1848 and 1859
When did Foreign warfare become the most important factor?
Between 1859 and 1860
What provided the conclusion to unity?
Warefare in 1870
After 1859, what are the two most important factors?
Piedmont and Warfare
What shows that Piedmont cannot be solely responsible?
They failed when attempting to take on Austria in 1848
Who says “Italy owed most to French armies and British moral approval”?
AJP Taylor
