To what extent was warfare mainly responsible for the unification of Italy by 1870?

Question 1

What are the factors that should be discussed?

Answer 1

Warefare
Nationalism (Organisations and People)
Diplomacy
Victor Emmanuel and Piedmont

Question 2

Name all the Wars that need to be discussed

Answer 2

1) Second war of Italian independence (1859)
2) 1866 Austro-Prussian war
3) Unification with Rome 1870

Question 3

What should be defined in the introduction?

Answer 3

The time period, post 1848 causes of unity

Question 4

Where is the argument going?

Answer 4

Warefare is the most important cause of unity

Question 5

What are the two battles of the 1859 Second War of Italian independence?

Answer 5

Magenta and Solferino

Question 6

What battle led Napoleon III to sue for peace during the 1859 war of independence?

Answer 6

Solferino

Question 7

Why did Napoleon III sue for peace after solferino?

Answer 7

Heavy losses on both sides of 17 000 allied casualties and Austria 21 000

Question 8

The armistice of the second war of Italian independence was done without consulting who?

Answer 8

Cavour/Piedmont

Question 9

What was the result of the 1859 war?

Answer 9

Though the Austrians held Venetia as a result of the war, this war meant that Piedmont eventually gained Lombardy as well as the central Duchies of Parma and Magenta.

Question 10

When was the Austro-Prussian War?

Answer 10

1866

Question 11

When was the battle of Custozza in the Austro-Prussian war?

Answer 11

June 1866

Question 12

When was the Austrian naval victory?

Answer 12

Lissa

Question 13

As a result of the Austro-Prussian war, the Austrians were forced to do what?

Answer 13

Cede venetia to France, who then used Diplomacy to give it to Piedmont

Question 14

What was led france to withdraw they garrison from Rome?

Answer 14

The Franco-Prussian war for which they needed troops

Question 15

Where the French defeated by Prussia?

Answer 15

Battle of Sedan

Question 16

As a result of the French defeat at the battle of Sedan, Italian PM Lanza gained what?

Answer 16

Spain, Austria and Catholic German states to send Italian troops into Rome.

Question 17

What did the Pope reject in 1870 which precipitated the 1870 war of independence?

Answer 17

peaceful take over of Rome

Question 18

When did Italian troops cross the bored into the Papal states?

Answer 18

11th September 1870

Question 19

When did the Italian troops reach the Aurelian walls of Rome, thus placing Rome under siege?

Answer 19

September 19th 1870

Question 20

When did Rome fall to the Italian troops, the final piece of unifiiaciton?

Answer 20

20th September 1870

Question 21

What did Pius IX remain until the very end?

Answer 21

Intransigent

Question 22

What does the 1870 war demonstrate about warfare’s role in unification?

Answer 22

It had the power to override key barriers to unification

Question 23

Who died in the 1870 war?

Answer 23

49 Italian soldiers, 4 officers and 19 Papal troops died

Question 24

When was the Plebiscite that completed the 1870 annexation of the Papal states?

Answer 24

2nd October

Question 25

When was warfare not as responsible?

Answer 25

During the earlier days of unity

Question 26

What two nationalist organisation need to be discussed?

Answer 26

1) National society | 2) Roman Triumvirate

Question 27

Who was the National Society formed by?

Answer 27

Nationalist exiles resident in Piedmont such as Daniel Manin

Question 28

When was the National Society formed?

Answer 28

1857

Question 29

What was the National Society's Newspaper?

Answer 29

IL Piccolo Corriere d'Italia

Question 30

Batches of how many of the National Society's pamphlets were distributed?

Answer 30

3000

Question 31

What was a limitation of the National Society's newspaper and pamphlet?

Answer 31

⅔ illiteracy in Italy

Question 32

When was the national society most effective?

Answer 32

Post 1955

Question 33

How was the national society a good template for unity for Cavour?

Answer 33

suited his aims and temperament: conservative and pragmatic rather than radical and ideological

Question 34

The National Society were instrumental in the transformation of the cause of unity into what?

Answer 34

A respectable, fashionable and anti Austrian type of unification that both Middle Classes and Radicals could support

Question 35

Where did the National Society secure a Plebiscite for annexation for in 1859?

Answer 35

Lombardy and the Central Duchies

Question 36

Who made up the Roman Triumverate?

Answer 36

MAzzini, Saffi and Armelini

Question 37

When was the Roman Republic Declared?

Answer 37

February 9th 1849

Question 38

When did the Roman Republic end?

Answer 38

July 1849

Question 39

Who is the key nationalist individual?

Answer 39

Garibaldi

Question 40

When was Garibaldi's voyage to Sicily?

Answer 40

May 1860

Question 41

How many were in "the thousand"?

Answer 41

1200

Question 42

When did Garibaldi cross the straights of Messina?

Answer 42

August 22nd 1860

Question 43

When was the Teano meeting?

Answer 43

26th October 1860

Question 44

What kind of diplomacy did the British use to allowed Garibaldi to cross the straights of Messina?

Answer 44

Gunboat Diplomacy

Question 45

From the perspective of Northern Italians, how was Garibaldi viewed?

Answer 45

Garibaldi was a liability rather than an asset to unity

Question 46

How can Garibaldi be described?

Answer 46

An ill-educated soldier with little regard for foreign policy or diplomacy

Question 47

When did Garibaldi first attempt to march on Rome?

Answer 47

1862

Question 48

In 1862, how many men did Garibadli attempt to take Rome with?

Answer 48

4000

Question 49

By Cavour, how was Garibaldi viewed?

Answer 49

A source of competition to the Piedmontese led unity

Question 50

Garibaldi's intent of capturing Rome was damaging to what?

Answer 50

damaging to Cavour’s strategy

Question 51

When did Garibaldi march on Rome (list every attempt)

Answer 51

1860, 62 and 67

Question 52

When Piedmont had to stop Garibaldi from taking Rome, Piedmont was forced to intervene and stop him where?

Answer 52

Aspromonte

Question 53

When did the French forces stop Garibaldi's march on Rome at Mentana?

Answer 53

November 3rd 1867

Question 54

Where, in 1867 did French forces stop Garibaldi's march on Rome?

Answer 54

Mentana

Question 55

Describe Garibaldi?

Answer 55

A highly effective populist military commander who gave a great contribution to the unification of the Southern Peninsula

Question 56

Where did Garibaldi come from and why did this present a limitation?

Answer 56

Rich North, yet was attempting to unify the poor south

Question 57

Other than Garibaldi, what individual and group became of increasingly limited importance?

Answer 57

Mazzini & Mazzinians

Question 58

What are the three treaties/pacts that need to be remembered?

Answer 58

1) 1856 treaty of Paris 2) July 1858 Pact of Plombiers 3) 1859 Treaty of Villafranca

Question 59

Cavour's 1855 involvement in the 1854 Crimean war did what?

Answer 59

Gave him a seat at he Congress of Paris peace agreement

Question 60

Garibaldi's involvement in the 1854 Crimean war mean that whom were indebted to him?

Answer 60

France and GB

Question 61

At the end of the Treaty of Paris, what returned to the political agenda?

Answer 61

The topic of Italian unification and the Austrian Dominance in the North of Italy

Question 62

What was the Pact of Plombiers?

Answer 62

Secret Diplomacy between France (Napoleon III) and Cavour which agreed that, if Austria was the aggressor, Piedmont would have the full support of France against them.

Question 63

When was the pact of Plombiers?

Answer 63

July 1858

Question 64

When was the Treaty of Villafranca?

Answer 64

July 1859

Question 65

Who was excluded from Villafranca?

Answer 65

Cavour

Question 66

The treaty of Villafranca signalled what?

Answer 66

The watershed of Austrian power in Northern Europe

Question 67

Who were the British Advocates of Self-determination?

Answer 67

Palmerston and Russel

Question 68

Who supported the National Society's plebiscites?

Answer 68

Palmerston and Russel

Question 69

A part of Diplomacy, what developments had Cavour made that made Foreign powers so invested in Piedmont?

Answer 69

Political and Economic Development by Cavour meant that the French and Piedmontese Economics became inextricably linked. This mean that Austrian involvement would not have been welcomed by a France

Question 70

A part of Cavour's diplomacy, what French Banker funded much of the Mount Cenis tunnel?

Answer 70

Rothschild

Question 71

What German free trade treaty substantially weakened Austria?

Answer 71

Zollervien

Question 72

How did Diplomacy work in Partnership with warfare?

Answer 72

It legalised and rubber stamped the changes that warfare made

Question 73

What and when had VEII shown himself to be the potential leader of italian unity?

Answer 73

Grado di Delore speech 1859

Question 74

What de VEII declare himself to be in the Grado di Delore speech?

Answer 74

First soldier of Italian unification

Question 75

Piedmont 2 450 million lire debt did what it took on smaller states' debts?

Answer 75

Doubled

Question 76

Piedmont divided the new kingdom into how many provinces, each governed by their own prefect?

Answer 76

53

Question 77

When was Piedmont the biggest factor?

Answer 77

1848 and 1859

Question 78

When did Foreign warfare become the most important factor?

Answer 78

Between 1859 and 1860

Question 79

What provided the conclusion to unity?

Answer 79

Warefare in 1870

Question 80

After 1859, what are the two most important factors?

Answer 80

Piedmont and Warfare

Question 81

What shows that Piedmont cannot be solely responsible?

Answer 81

They failed when attempting to take on Austria in 1848

Question 82

Who says "Italy owed most to French armies and British moral approval"?

Answer 82

AJP Taylor