To what extent to you agree with the claim: “by 1870 the only true unification was geographical”? Flashcards
Which historian says that there was a divide between real and legal Italy?
Martin Clark
Which area of unity had seen the most progress to unity?
Geographical
Was Geographical unity truly complete in the eyes of many?
No
Whose actions compounded existing social divisions?
Pope
Is the statement true, by 1870 the only true unification was geographical?
No, true unity remained distant
Why can a unified people not be expected to be established?
1870 was only 9 years after the kingdom was declared and 4 years after Venetia was gained
How should this question be addressed?
Discuss each factor, and then the extent to which that factor is true
Overall what supports the idea that there was true geographical unity?
By 1870 the whole of the Peninsula was unified on the map.
How did Piedmont gain Lombardy as well as the central duchies of Parma and Magenta?
July 1859 Treaty of Villafranca/Second War of Italian Independence
How was the south of Italy (Naples and Sicily) unified?
Garibaldi’s May 1860 expedition, which was then given to the Kingdom of Italy through the Teano meeting 26th October 1860.
How was Nice and Savoy lost?
Treaty of Villafranca
How did the kingdom gain Venetia?
The Habsburg loss to the Prussians in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 meant that Venetia was ceded to France as part of the peace treaty, who later gifted it to Piedmont.
When and how were the Papal States and Rome annexed to the Kingdom?
October 2nd 1870 plebiscite held in the Papal states to annex them to the Kingdom of Italy and were accepted on October 9th. Due two the Franco-Prussian war the French garrison had been removed and Rome became part of Italy.
How could you argue that there was not true geographical unity?
Many not he left felt that unity was not truly complete
Who called for the return of Nice and Savoy to the Italians and when did he do this?
1870 Crispi
What two places did some believe would constitute true unity?
Malta and Corsica being added to the empire
How did Irredentists want to complete geographical unity?
Many irredentists wanted to free Italians living under Habsburg rule in places such as Trentino and Trieste.
Why was the lack of Nice and Savoy in the new kingdom particularly problematic?
It was a source of National humiliation that they were not included
Though the figure that said that unity was not complete were few, what were they?
Influential
What three things support the idea that there was political unity?
1) Monarchy
2) Civil service
3) Local government
What are the four factors?
1) Geographical
2) Political
3) religious
4) Social/economic
What percentage was the electorate in 1861?
2%
What did VEII support, suggesting that there was political unity?
VEII was a conditional monarchy who supported the kingdom fully.
What constraints were there on the king that suggests that there was political unity?
He could not pass laws without the approval of the national parliament or ministerial approval.
The monarchy by 1870 was a symbol of what three unifying things?
stability and anti-radicalism and anti-republicanism
Why and when did the emphasis on parliament grow?
During the 1850s due to the work of Cavour
What about the civil service restored people’s faith in government?
Lack of corruption
What was the name of the veterans of the wars of unification?
Patroti
What were the patroti given?
Civil service jobs
How does the fact that the ‘patroti’ were given civil service jobs suggest that there was national unity?
This created national unity not only did it reward previous nationalism, but it also meant that the people saw government as on the side of those who had fought in wars.
What two things did the cicivl service have control over centrally, stopping regional political divisions over these?
Central economy and education
Who argued that a strong central government was one of the only ways that national unity could be fostered?
Manning
What were the two police forces, and their size, that could quell discontent?
25 000 strong military police force the Carabinieri backed up 18 000 local policemen
What were the voting qualifications by 1861?
men, 25 years old who could read and write and paid 40 Lira taxes
What were two missing representative vehicles that were missing in the new Italy, suggesting that there was division between Itlay’s divided classes?
Unions or parties
What happened with Barsanti?
May 1870 Mazziniian Barsanti led an attack on army Barracks in Pavia shouting “long live Rome, long live the Republic, Down with the monarchy”. He was arrested and executed despite a petition of 40 000 calling for his pardon.
What does the fact that 40 000 called for the pardon of Barsanti after his May 1870 attack on the army Barracks in Pavia demonstrate?
The fact that so many were calling for his pardon shows that there was not only political division, but social division between the classes.
Complete the sentence: Politics was unified on the surface….
….however this was a veneer that hid deep problems, particularly the electorate size, that were emblematic of the wider class discontent in the Kingdom.
What are the only two things suggesting that there was religious unity?
1) Law of guarantees
2) Rome having full diplomatic force sent there by other countries as the capital of the new state from october
What 1871 thing suggests thawing religious divisions between the state and the church?
May 1871 law of Guarantees
What did the May 1871 law of Guarantees do?
Gave the Pope a degree of sovereignty but not quite the same levels as a monarchy, full diplomatic rights and status such as to receive ambassadors and his own postal service
What did the May 1871 law of guarantees do for the international community?
This reassured the international community, particularly Catholic states, of the new kingdom’s commitment to the papacy
What was the Pope’s reaction to the May 1871 law of guarantee
Rejected by the Pope who declared himself to be a ‘prisoner in the Vatican’ but nevertheless continued to enjoy most of its benefits
By becoming more popular with foreign powers, what were the new kingdom able to do?
By becoming popular with foreign powers, they were able to make a legitimate claim on Rome by 1870, leading to foreign powers recognising the seizure of Rome.
As a result of Rome becoming recognised as a part of the new state, what political development suggests that there was unity?
As a result of Rome becoming recognised as a legitimate part of the new state, a full diplomatic force was sent there by European countries.
As a part of the laws of guarantees, what did the Pope get and what was it in compensation for?
As a further part of the law of guarantees, the Pope was given 3 225 000 lire a year in compensation for the loss of his temporal lands.
What two major events suggests that there was a fundamental and irreparable religious division in the new Italy?
1) July 1870 declaration of Papal infallibility
2) December 1864 Syllabus of Errors
How did the December 1864 declaration of Papal infallibility create divisions between the supporters of the Pope?
divided catholics between the moderates, who hoped that Pius IX would modernise and the supporters of the pope
The new state stood for which two things, both of which the December 1864 Syllabus of Errors reject?
liberalism and progressiveness
When did the new state demand that most religious orders should hand over property to the State?
1866
To pay for education, how many monasteries were dissolved?
2 382
How did the division of monasteries create divisions?
The communities lost key charitable institutions and pitted them against the Italian state
What did the July 1870 Dogma of Papal infallibility do?
Emphasised the primacy of the Pope’s teachings and rejected the kingdom of Italy. This was a major way of undermining the new state, as it continued to put them at opposition with the church’s leadership
What was humiliating for the pope?
The loss of his temporal power
What demonstrates the fractious cohabitation that existed between the church and state?
From 1870 there were two courts operating in Rome, one in the monarch’s palace in Quiranle and one in the Vatican which confused the political process.
What was one of the greatest areas of disunity int he new kingdom?
Religious divisions
Other than the army, what four things suggests social and economic unity?
1) Piedmont introduced unified customs, currency (Lire) weight and measures
2) Central schools and universities
3) The municipality “Commune” helped locals
4) Piedmont took on smaller states’ debts
What is the way in which Piedmont took on smaller states’ debts?
Piedmont had a 2 450 million lire deficit in 1861 which doubled when Piedmont took on the debts of smaller states.
What does the fact that Piedmont were so ready to double their 2 450 million lire deficit in 1861 demonstrates for the cause of unity?
The fact that they were so willing to make sacrifices to take on the debts of smaller states shows that economic unity was a distinct priority for the architects of unity, and suggests that elitism was not as prevalent as it may seem.
How could the army be viewed to minimise division?
It was a platform through which nationalism could be instilled
What was the army’s size by 1870 and how many were there in reserve?
215 000 with 2 million in reserve
Under what banner did the army fight?
Italians, rather than states
What about the army increased the break down of state borders?
Regiments were always constructed with troops from more than one state.
How many Brigands in the war of 1861-65?
82 000
How many army soldiers fighting brigands in the war of 1861-65?
120 000
Name a notable brigand
Carmine Crocco
When there was disunity, such as between 1861 -65 with the Brigands war, what could the army do?
enforce unity
What was aimed at creating unity but was not welcomed in the south?
the 1859 casati laws
What happened in Sicily in 1866 that is evidence of mass social divisions?
the week of rebellion
What does the week of rebellion in sicily in 1866 suggest?
Geographical unity masked deep class and societal divisions
The week of rebellion in Sicily in 1866 resulted in what?
The murder of government officials
What did the latifundia do that widened class divisions?
enclosed more and more southern land and more and more common land. It appeared that the upper classes were removing the lower classes’ livelihoods.
What historian says that Piedmontisation enforced the idea that one state was conquering the others?
Denis Mack-Smith
How did Piedmontisation create divisions in Lombardy?
It imposed Northern systems on areas such as Lombardy, who had their own constitution and were promised a degree of autonomy, as Cavour ordered La Mamora to install Piedmontese systems unilaterally, without any debate.
What was the only exception the Piedmontisaiton?
Tuscany under Baron Ricasoli
The legacy of what in the North meant that a dual economy was created?
Foreign investment
What were the main southern industries?
agricultural with fruit and olives being exported.
What two industries boomed in the North as a result of the economic unity and free trade?
Wool and cotton
By 1866 deficit repayments and interest had taken up what % of state expenditure?
60%
The resulting tax of the debt repayments was what?
1868 Grist Tax
What did the Grist Tax of 1868 lead to?
250 dead and 1000 wounded in subsequent riots
What percentage of each year’s food produce was used for debt repayments?
30%
complete the sentence: The policies of Piedmontisation may well have increased economic unity, especially in regard to inter-state trade…
…but they ensured that the dual economy was exacerbated
Complete the sentence: Piedmontisation was socially divisive, thus meaning that any steps to economic unity that were made…
….were undermined by the socially divisions that Piedmontisation created
Who benefitted from socioeconomic integration?
The elites and upper classes
Where were divisions made worse by legal Italy?
Real Italy
What sums up the scale of the challenge of creating a truly unified Italy?
Azeglio’s claim “we have made Italy now we must make Italians”
What are all of the problems linked by?
The omnipotent influence of Piedmont
Complete the sentence: All these problems were linked by the omnipotent influence of Piedmont…
…making clumsy and heavy handed heavy handed political and diplomatic decisions that really only cemented the distance of a real Italy.
