To what extent to you agree with the claim: “by 1870 the only true unification was geographical”?

Question 1

Which historian says that there was a divide between real and legal Italy?

Answer 1

Martin Clark

Question 2

Which area of unity had seen the most progress to unity?

Answer 2

Geographical

Question 3

Was Geographical unity truly complete in the eyes of many?

Answer 3

No

Question 4

Whose actions compounded existing social divisions?

Answer 4

Pope

Question 5

Is the statement true, by 1870 the only true unification was geographical?

Answer 5

No, true unity remained distant

Question 6

Why can a unified people not be expected to be established?

Answer 6

1870 was only 9 years after the kingdom was declared and 4 years after Venetia was gained

Question 7

How should this question be addressed?

Answer 7

Discuss each factor, and then the extent to which that factor is true

Question 8

Overall what supports the idea that there was true geographical unity?

Answer 8

By 1870 the whole of the Peninsula was unified on the map.

Question 9

How did Piedmont gain Lombardy as well as the central duchies of Parma and Magenta?

Answer 9

July 1859 Treaty of Villafranca/Second War of Italian Independence

Question 10

How was the south of Italy (Naples and Sicily) unified?

Answer 10

Garibaldi’s May 1860 expedition, which was then given to the Kingdom of Italy through the Teano meeting 26th October 1860.

Question 11

How was Nice and Savoy lost?

Answer 11

Treaty of Villafranca

Question 12

How did the kingdom gain Venetia?

Answer 12

The Habsburg loss to the Prussians in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 meant that Venetia was ceded to France as part of the peace treaty, who later gifted it to Piedmont.

Question 13

When and how were the Papal States and Rome annexed to the Kingdom?

Answer 13

October 2nd 1870 plebiscite held in the Papal states to annex them to the Kingdom of Italy and were accepted on October 9th. Due two the Franco-Prussian war the French garrison had been removed and Rome became part of Italy.

Question 14

How could you argue that there was not true geographical unity?

Answer 14

Many not he left felt that unity was not truly complete

Question 15

Who called for the return of Nice and Savoy to the Italians and when did he do this?

Answer 15

1870 Crispi

Question 16

What two places did some believe would constitute true unity?

Answer 16

Malta and Corsica being added to the empire

Question 17

How did Irredentists want to complete geographical unity?

Answer 17

Many irredentists wanted to free Italians living under Habsburg rule in places such as Trentino and Trieste.

Question 18

Why was the lack of Nice and Savoy in the new kingdom particularly problematic?

Answer 18

It was a source of National humiliation that they were not included

Question 19

Though the figure that said that unity was not complete were few, what were they?

Answer 19

Influential

Question 20

What three things support the idea that there was political unity?

Answer 20

1) Monarchy
2) Civil service
3) Local government

Question 21

What are the four factors?

Answer 21

1) Geographical
2) Political
3) religious
4) Social/economic

Question 22

What percentage was the electorate in 1861?

Answer 22

2%

Question 23

What did VEII support, suggesting that there was political unity?

Answer 23

VEII was a conditional monarchy who supported the kingdom fully.

Question 24

What constraints were there on the king that suggests that there was political unity?

Answer 24

He could not pass laws without the approval of the national parliament or ministerial approval.

Question 25

The monarchy by 1870 was a symbol of what three unifying things?

Answer 25

stability and anti-radicalism and anti-republicanism

Question 26

Why and when did the emphasis on parliament grow?

Answer 26

During the 1850s due to the work of Cavour

Question 27

What about the civil service restored people's faith in government?

Answer 27

Lack of corruption

Question 28

What was the name of the veterans of the wars of unification?

Answer 28

Patroti

Question 29

What were the patroti given?

Answer 29

Civil service jobs

Question 30

How does the fact that the 'patroti' were given civil service jobs suggest that there was national unity?

Answer 30

This created national unity not only did it reward previous nationalism, but it also meant that the people saw government as on the side of those who had fought in wars.

Question 31

What two things did the cicivl service have control over centrally, stopping regional political divisions over these?

Answer 31

Central economy and education

Question 32

Who argued that a strong central government was one of the only ways that national unity could be fostered?

Answer 32

Manning

Question 33

What were the two police forces, and their size, that could quell discontent?

Answer 33

25 000 strong military police force the Carabinieri backed up 18 000 local policemen

Question 34

What were the voting qualifications by 1861?

Answer 34

men, 25 years old who could read and write and paid 40 Lira taxes

Question 35

What were two missing representative vehicles that were missing in the new Italy, suggesting that there was division between Itlay's divided classes?

Answer 35

Unions or parties

Question 36

What happened with Barsanti?

Answer 36

May 1870 Mazziniian Barsanti led an attack on army Barracks in Pavia shouting “long live Rome, long live the Republic, Down with the monarchy”. He was arrested and executed despite a petition of 40 000 calling for his pardon.

Question 37

What does the fact that 40 000 called for the pardon of Barsanti after his May 1870 attack on the army Barracks in Pavia demonstrate?

Answer 37

The fact that so many were calling for his pardon shows that there was not only political division, but social division between the classes.

Question 38

Complete the sentence: Politics was unified on the surface....

Answer 38

....however this was a veneer that hid deep problems, particularly the electorate size, that were emblematic of the wider class discontent in the Kingdom.

Question 39

What are the only two things suggesting that there was religious unity?

Answer 39

1) Law of guarantees | 2) Rome having full diplomatic force sent there by other countries as the capital of the new state from october

Question 40

What 1871 thing suggests thawing religious divisions between the state and the church?

Answer 40

May 1871 law of Guarantees

Question 41

What did the May 1871 law of Guarantees do?

Answer 41

Gave the Pope a degree of sovereignty but not quite the same levels as a monarchy, full diplomatic rights and status such as to receive ambassadors and his own postal service

Question 42

What did the May 1871 law of guarantees do for the international community?

Answer 42

This reassured the international community, particularly Catholic states, of the new kingdom’s commitment to the papacy

Question 43

What was the Pope's reaction to the May 1871 law of guarantee

Answer 43

Rejected by the Pope who declared himself to be a ‘prisoner in the Vatican’ but nevertheless continued to enjoy most of its benefits

Question 44

By becoming more popular with foreign powers, what were the new kingdom able to do?

Answer 44

By becoming popular with foreign powers, they were able to make a legitimate claim on Rome by 1870, leading to foreign powers recognising the seizure of Rome.

Question 45

As a result of Rome becoming recognised as a part of the new state, what political development suggests that there was unity?

Answer 45

As a result of Rome becoming recognised as a legitimate part of the new state, a full diplomatic force was sent there by European countries.

Question 46

As a part of the laws of guarantees, what did the Pope get and what was it in compensation for?

Answer 46

As a further part of the law of guarantees, the Pope was given 3 225 000 lire a year in compensation for the loss of his temporal lands.

Question 47

What two major events suggests that there was a fundamental and irreparable religious division in the new Italy?

Answer 47

1) July 1870 declaration of Papal infallibility | 2) December 1864 Syllabus of Errors

Question 48

How did the December 1864 declaration of Papal infallibility create divisions between the supporters of the Pope?

Answer 48

divided catholics between the moderates, who hoped that Pius IX would modernise and the supporters of the pope

Question 49

The new state stood for which two things, both of which the December 1864 Syllabus of Errors reject?

Answer 49

liberalism and progressiveness

Question 50

When did the new state demand that most religious orders should hand over property to the State?

Answer 50

1866

Question 51

To pay for education, how many monasteries were dissolved?

Answer 51

2 382

Question 52

How did the division of monasteries create divisions?

Answer 52

The communities lost key charitable institutions and pitted them against the Italian state

Question 53

What did the July 1870 Dogma of Papal infallibility do?

Answer 53

Emphasised the primacy of the Pope’s teachings and rejected the kingdom of Italy. This was a major way of undermining the new state, as it continued to put them at opposition with the church’s leadership

Question 54

What was humiliating for the pope?

Answer 54

The loss of his temporal power

Question 55

What demonstrates the fractious cohabitation that existed between the church and state?

Answer 55

From 1870 there were two courts operating in Rome, one in the monarch’s palace in Quiranle and one in the Vatican which confused the political process.

Question 56

What was one of the greatest areas of disunity int he new kingdom?

Answer 56

Religious divisions

Question 57

Other than the army, what four things suggests social and economic unity?

Answer 57

1) Piedmont introduced unified customs, currency (Lire) weight and measures 2) Central schools and universities 3) The municipality “Commune” helped locals 4) Piedmont took on smaller states' debts

Question 58

What is the way in which Piedmont took on smaller states' debts?

Answer 58

Piedmont had a 2 450 million lire deficit in 1861 which doubled when Piedmont took on the debts of smaller states.

Question 59

What does the fact that Piedmont were so ready to double their 2 450 million lire deficit in 1861 demonstrates for the cause of unity?

Answer 59

The fact that they were so willing to make sacrifices to take on the debts of smaller states shows that economic unity was a distinct priority for the architects of unity, and suggests that elitism was not as prevalent as it may seem.

Question 60

How could the army be viewed to minimise division?

Answer 60

It was a platform through which nationalism could be instilled

Question 61

What was the army's size by 1870 and how many were there in reserve?

Answer 61

215 000 with 2 million in reserve

Question 62

Under what banner did the army fight?

Answer 62

Italians, rather than states

Question 63

What about the army increased the break down of state borders?

Answer 63

Regiments were always constructed with troops from more than one state.

Question 64

How many Brigands in the war of 1861-65?

Answer 64

82 000

Question 65

How many army soldiers fighting brigands in the war of 1861-65?

Answer 65

120 000

Question 66

Name a notable brigand

Answer 66

Carmine Crocco

Question 67

When there was disunity, such as between 1861 -65 with the Brigands war, what could the army do?

Answer 67

enforce unity

Question 68

What was aimed at creating unity but was not welcomed in the south?

Answer 68

the 1859 casati laws

Question 69

What happened in Sicily in 1866 that is evidence of mass social divisions?

Answer 69

the week of rebellion

Question 70

What does the week of rebellion in sicily in 1866 suggest?

Answer 70

Geographical unity masked deep class and societal divisions

Question 71

The week of rebellion in Sicily in 1866 resulted in what?

Answer 71

The murder of government officials

Question 72

What did the latifundia do that widened class divisions?

Answer 72

enclosed more and more southern land and more and more common land. It appeared that the upper classes were removing the lower classes’ livelihoods.

Question 73

What historian says that Piedmontisation enforced the idea that one state was conquering the others?

Answer 73

Denis Mack-Smith

Question 74

How did Piedmontisation create divisions in Lombardy?

Answer 74

It imposed Northern systems on areas such as Lombardy, who had their own constitution and were promised a degree of autonomy, as Cavour ordered La Mamora to install Piedmontese systems unilaterally, without any debate.

Question 75

What was the only exception the Piedmontisaiton?

Answer 75

Tuscany under Baron Ricasoli

Question 76

The legacy of what in the North meant that a dual economy was created?

Answer 76

Foreign investment

Question 77

What were the main southern industries?

Answer 77

agricultural with fruit and olives being exported.

Question 78

What two industries boomed in the North as a result of the economic unity and free trade?

Answer 78

Wool and cotton

Question 79

By 1866 deficit repayments and interest had taken up what % of state expenditure?

Answer 79

60%

Question 80

The resulting tax of the debt repayments was what?

Answer 80

1868 Grist Tax

Question 81

What did the Grist Tax of 1868 lead to?

Answer 81

250 dead and 1000 wounded in subsequent riots

Question 82

What percentage of each year's food produce was used for debt repayments?

Answer 82

30%

Question 83

complete the sentence: The policies of Piedmontisation may well have increased economic unity, especially in regard to inter-state trade...

Answer 83

...but they ensured that the dual economy was exacerbated

Question 84

Complete the sentence: Piedmontisation was socially divisive, thus meaning that any steps to economic unity that were made...

Answer 84

....were undermined by the socially divisions that Piedmontisation created

Question 85

Who benefitted from socioeconomic integration?

Answer 85

The elites and upper classes

Question 86

Where were divisions made worse by legal Italy?

Answer 86

Real Italy

Question 87

What sums up the scale of the challenge of creating a truly unified Italy?

Answer 87

Azeglio’s claim “we have made Italy now we must make Italians”

Question 88

What are all of the problems linked by?

Answer 88

The omnipotent influence of Piedmont

Question 89

Complete the sentence: All these problems were linked by the omnipotent influence of Piedmont...

Answer 89

...making clumsy and heavy handed heavy handed political and diplomatic decisions that really only cemented the distance of a real Italy.